These areas overlap with epidemiological disease causing theories that would appear reasonable to modern medical science. Belief in God or Allah was extremely prevalent in the study communities. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. These two ideas were fully appreciated . New York: Wiley; 1978. As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. However, the germ theory of disease has many limitations. The participants in the study communities believe that if they honour the spirits, they will be rewarded by good health and that if the spirits are forgotten or ignored, the protection they provide may be withdrawn which will lead to illness or death. Predictors of indigenous healer use among Samoans. Epub 2022 Apr 6. Data obtained from observations and conversations were recorded in field notes, photographs, and audio-recordings. These discoveries and a host of others at the turn of the century marked a turning point in our aetiological concepts. If we see someone leave home at the wrong time, we say he is going to bring affliction [Male, Study Community # 4]. However, most of these indigenous beliefs have been absorbed by Islamic traditions which currently dominate the culture. Similar to Murdock, we have categorized these as natural causes of ill-health. Cultural norms function to support the fluid operation of society, and cultural values guide people in making choices. Several theories were advanced from time to time to explain disease causation such as the supernatural theory of disease, the theory of humors by Greeks and Indians, the theory of contagion, the miasmatic theory which attributed disease to noxious air and vapours, the theory of spontaneous generation, etc. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders. Google Scholar. The connection between ill-health and lying needs further exploration for indigenous groups like this. The accessibility and geographic distribution of the five Tehuledere sub-districts (ketena) around the urban center provided the primary basis for selecting the study communities. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. Five rural communities (one from each of the five Kebeles) were included in the study. This finding, especially the link between lying and ill health may be relatively unique to this cultural setting. Qualitative content analysis was used. A. Epub 2022 Jan 7. All qualitative data from participant observations, in-depth interviews, fieldwork, personal memos and informal conversations were organized using NVivo 10 computer software. 2022 Jun;46(6):1437-1438. doi: 10.1007/s00264-022-05395-0. We will also share examples on how these common beliefs provide explanation as cause of illness and its implications in our genetic counseling profession. The relevance of traditional medicinal cultures to modern primary health care. Almost all the focus group participants identified better food production as a contributor to health: We keep healthy when we produce enough food and have work to do. Cultural Competence in the Care of Muslim Patients and Their Families. volume17, Articlenumber:124 (2017) PubMed Central He approached this ethnographic work as an Amharic speaker and tradition bearer, a member of the Amhara elite, and also as a senior pharmacy professional. This ethnographic study was grounded in participant observations made by the principal investigator (MHK) working as a volunteer heath extension worker in the study area for five months between June and November, 2013. 93 0 obj <>stream The people in this area are members of the Amhara ethnic group and are largely Muslims. PubMed The emphasis on culture in our genetic counseling training recognizes its crucial role in molding an individual's conceptualization of health, as well as other life aspects, especially since the Filipino culture is a mixture of indigenous as well as imported and borrowed elements. Example: the more purchases made in your app, the more time is spent using your app. Yehya NA, Dutta MJ. Epidemiological triad includes Environment, Agent & host. Another theory was that the kapre possessed the husband, . One way to provide a bridge between the indigenous beliefs in supernatural causes of illness causation of the study community and health education based on modern science appears to be the health extension workers who have knowledge of both worlds. Witchcraft beliefs in diseases causation and health-seeking behaviour in pregnancy of women in Calabar South-Nigeria . Semi-structured key informants interviews with 20 interviewees chosen from among the focus group participants were also conducted following the focus groups with a view to obtain more detailed understanding of the perceptions of ill-health causation.. Letter to the Editor: "Orthopaedic and trauma care in low-resource settings: the burden and its challenges". In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planningprevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. Accordingly, people used to please the gods by prayers and offerings or used to resort to witchcraft to tame the devils. When we drink it, we contract worms, they twirl in the stomach and give our kids tik, tik [Stomach- ache, salivate and followed by vomiting,] [Male, Study Community # 5]. Weiss RS. In clinical medicine we are confronted by a patient P with certain complaints, and eventually a diagnosis is reached because the clinical findings suggest that P has a certain disease D.Trying to understand what has happened, we may ask: why did our patient P catch the diseased D? Similarly, a theoretical approach initially used to frame and subsequently to interpret the data from this study allowed for a more thorough explanation of beliefs and perceptions of illness causation. FOIA First Statement of Germ Theory. We say in our culture, if there are arguments and fights there will be no peace then, it would shorten your life and laughter will be away from you. As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. American journal of public health. Prev Chronic Dis. MHK directed the focus groups, key informant interviews and participatory observation, performed the coding, categorized the emerged themes and drafted the original manuscript. In these communities, illness is perceived to have supernatural (e.g., almighty God/ Allah, nature spirits, and human agents of the supernatural), natural (e.g., environmental sanitation and personal hygiene, poverty, biological and psychological factors) and societal causes (e.g., social trust, experiences of family support and harmony; and violation of social taboos). Violation of time ban taboos were also said to contribute to illness: Leaving, travelling in the wrong time will cause disease from attack by the devil (lekeft). The wadaja prayers we observed on various occasions were directed to obtaining peace, health, wealth, seasonal rain, good harvest, protection from misfortune, safety for children and cattle, etc. Ogbogu PU, Noroski LM, Arcoleo K, Reese BD Jr, Apter AJ. Pasteur, Henle, Koch were the strong proponents of microbial theory after they discovered the micro-organisms in the patients secretions or excretions. In this framework, natural causes include beliefs that the impairment of health is a physiological consequence of some experience of the victim that is consistent with Western biomedicine. Would you like email updates of new search results? According to this theory, the human body contains blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. The remaining 3% of the population live in the malaria free highlands. He is interested in research on actinobacteria, myxobacteria, and natural products. When Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch discovered and developed what would later be called the germ theory in the 1860s, this was a radical, then revolutionary ideaone so good . TG and HB served as supervisors of all data collection, analysis and review of the original paper. Atkinson S, Haran D. Individual and district scale determinants of users satisfaction with primary health care in developing countries. Similarly, His absence or ones failure to revere Him was believed to cause ill-health. 0 It is hoped that the model of illness causation identified in this study will help to enhance the rural health plan for the 5 villages of Tehuledere Woreda and beyond. In: Morse JM, Swansen JM, Kuzel A, editors. Theories of Disease January 20, 2022 by Sagar Aryal A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs and symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury is called a disease. In 1877, Robert Koch (1843-1910) showed that anthrax was caused by a bacteria. Participants in most focus groups maintained that trust in ones married partner determines ones health. Disease in Africa has been the subject of a large number of rich studies. Mesfin H. Kahissay. If God wants you to live healthy, then you live healthy [Female, Study Community # 1]. WHO. Epidemiological characterisation of Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) from c Major flaws in Animal Disease Control Leading to Partial Success or Failure.pptx, Animal Disease Control Programs in India.ppt, Control and Eradication of Animal diseases.pptx, Vaccines in India- Problems and solutions.pptx, Conventional and non conventional antibiotic alternatives. statement and Chronic Malnutrition begins before birth due to poor maternal health, it can also be as a result of poor breast feeding, infections and lack of availability of proper nutrients in a developing child. Nurse Educ Today. Abstract Disease is an important entity in healthcare. I/C Epidemiology; Centre for Animal Disease Research Interviews lasted 11.25h, were conducted in the informants private homes or while sitting in public spaces in the villages (See Additional file 1 for the complete interview guide). There are 23 Kebeles (the smallest local administrative unit) administered by the Woreda, including 19 rural, 2 urban and 2 semi-urban towns. Germ theory was the third disease causation theory with a characteristic marking of the onset of infectious diseases conquest. Disobeying elders causes ailment. Qualitative inquiry and research design. Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. BEINGS Model of disease causation includes Spiritual factors , Social factors & Nutritional factors. Wilson. Accessibility 36 0 obj <> endobj Just as members of a society work together to fulfill a society's needs, culture exists to meet its members' social and personal needs. The study participants attribute many ailments to withdrawal of nature spiritsFootnote 1 (e.g., qolle or quteb, wuqabi, awlia, zar and jinn) protection and wrath. Cite this article. Dime (1995:30-31) argues that the diagnosis of diseases in an African traditional healing system is a twofold event. TeleFax +91-581-2302188. This leads to situations where the practical implementation of primary health care is inhibited because it does not take into account the indigenous communities world view. Nature spirit- in Tehuledere, is the belief in qolle or quteb, wodaja, mewokel and chele spirits that is, venerating certain natural objects as sacred and the abode of spirits. PubMed 2003;9(6):649. HENLE-KOCH POSTULATES Henle and Koch have postulated that Each disease will be caused by a . In testing our hypothesis on whether cultural beliefs of infant mortality among working mothers in Nigeria would vary by age, education, and income, we used a hierarchical linear regression analysis to better understand the independent effects of each variable. Murdock G. Theory of illness. Gordis, L. (2014). Braine T. Health systems research is the best medicine. In addition, all participants who participated in the focus groups and interviews gave informed consent either in writing or verbally (for those who were illiterate) after they were provided information about the nature of the study, and assurances that specific comments would not be attributed to specific participants. In contrast a stable home and family was seen as an important contributor to health. In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planning prevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. A.A. 2015. The results of this study were based on a sample of purposively selected participants who identified as individual from Tehuledere community. Each transcript was coded line by line and these codes were organized into higher-order conceptual themes. Firstly, the organic or physical cause of the sickness has to be established by careful examination and questioning by the medicine man. In 1890 Robert Koch proposed specific criteria that should be met before concluding that a disease was caused by a particular bacterium. . Syracuse: Foreign and comparative studies, Syracuse University; 1980. p. 17. As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. 1983;17(16):120511. . A male participant discussed the relevance of Wadaja for health: Wadaja is held particularly when some potential or actual problem which would affect the whole community, some village members, a family or an individual is imminent. germ theory, in medicine, the theory that certain diseases are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms, organisms too small to be seen except through a microscope. Permission to conduct the participant observation in the communities was provided by the heads of the health facilities. The health extension workers also helped to select 96 participants for 10 focus group discussions and 20 individuals (two from each focus groups) were selected purposively for follow-up individual interviews based on their demonstrated knowledge and ability to describe their experiences in the focus groups. Diagnosing diseases in African traditional religion. Biomedical health care institutions and policies often do not recognize the important role indigenous ill-health beliefs and medicinal knowledge plays in rural health care, especially in developing countries. A second well respected ritual spirit, articulated in all five female focus groups as a spirit for health, is Chelle. Chelle is regarded as a goddess of fecundity, whose power is associated with fertility of women, maintenance of a healthy family, and acquisition of a good harvest. Not everyone finds it easy to do the exercise recommended by the NHS - two out of three people say they do less than 150 mins (2.5 hours) of moderate exercise and fewer than one in 10 manage more . Trimingham S. Islam in East Africa. He was also faced with the challenge of being perceived as a powerful individual due to his position as a member of the elite and a senior university lecturer. Kahissay, M., Fenta, T. & Boon, H. Beliefs and perception of ill-health causation: a socio-cultural qualitative study in rural North-Eastern Ethiopia. 4. Health was attributed by study participants to the will of God/Allah Who sends Melayka (the guardian angel) into peoples homes: Many thanks to Allah! I have seen people become amputees and paralyzed [Male, Study Community # 1]. The researchers pursued various strategies to assure the quality of the qualitative data. 2nd ed. Wadaja lately assumed a much more modified and purposive role of combating the zar, buda or other supposedly spirit afflicted illnesses [Male, Study Community # 2]. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press; 1980. This study found that among the Tehuledere there are a wide range of perceptions regarding the causation of illness. The capital of the Woreda, Haik, is situated 430 kms away from Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. Disease etiologies in non-western medical systems. The breakthrough came in 1860, when the French bacteriologist Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) demonstrated the presence of bacteria in air. In total, 96 people participated in focus groups. MHK, TG, and HB all participated in the study design and data analysis. It is often construed as a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs. 2006;20(2):12734. 2010;20:84558. Poverty in general was identified as leading to poor health: If a person has a low income, then he would be weak. However, it is important to define illness and disease differently when considering some non-western cultural traditions. A settled man lives in peace and prevents himself from syphilis and gonorrhoea. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4052-y, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4052-y. For example, Lidell and his colleagues (2005) described how Sub-Saharan peoples relationship with God takes a form of nature-spirit reverence and connection which is vital to maintaining family health [26]. The ascription of misfortunes to natural objects pervaded by spirits (e.g., qolle or quteb) was observed to be common in the study population. Miasma was considered to be a poisonous vapor or mist filled with particles from decomposed matter (miasmata) that was identifiable by its foul smell. Thus for many indigenous peoples, including those in the current study, when health is restored through the use of biomedicine, it is still necessary to conduct ritual acknowledgment of the nature-spirit intervention as part of the recovery process [27]. So if there is no peace at home, there will be no health [Female, Study Community # 4]. By using this website, you agree to our The womens focus group discussion was meant to allow women to freely and informally discuss their perceptions of illness causation, without any socio-cultural inhibitions, (for example religious prohibitions) which might have inhibited the women from speaking on specific topics if men had been included in the group. Oman Med J. A qualitative ethnographic method was conducted in Tehuledere Woreda, an administrative unit in the north-east of Ethiopia [14] (see Fig. Named for the village of Nok, site of some of the finds, the ancient culture produced fine terra-cotta figurines, which were accidentally discovered by tin miners on the Jos Plateau in the 1930s. NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program. There are an estimated 100 million malaria cases with over 300,000 deaths per year in Nigeria. This theme does not appear in Murdocks model. Hippocrates; Yellow Bile, Black Bile, Phlegm and Blood Miasma Theory: 500 BC Miasmas are poisonous emanations from putrefying carcasses, vegetables, molds and also the invisible particles. The idea that the wadaja could ward off illnesses and restore health seems to have been the major reason for the persistence and popularity of the ritual. This theory led to explanation of several outbreaks of cholera, plague and malaria (Mal-aria= bad air). Health is primarily that state in which these constituent substances are in the correct proportion to each other, both in strength and quantity, and are well mixed. Nigeria is now the second largest HIV disease burden in the world after South Africa which has 7.1 million (19% of global epidemic) burden of the disease, though prevalence is stable at 3.4% [38,39]. Epub 2021 Nov 26. Ann N Y Acad Sci. In the mid-19th . Peterson DR. Ottawa 1986: The Fulcrum of Global Health Development. THEORIES CONCERNING THE CAUSATION OF DISEASE. It is a commonly held view, both from the Nigerian literature and from anecdotal evidence, that life is . The other criterion was the interest shown by the health extension workers to collaborate in the study. Privacy Issues identified with administration and bureaucratic frameworks dont fit well with indigenous ill-health beliefs. Understanding perceptions of the causes of ill-health common in indigenous communities may help policy makers to design effective integrated primary health care strategies to serve these communities. Int J Environ Res Public Health. L. W. Feezer. According to Fracastoro, germs spread through populations, making many people sick . Over one-third of the population in developing countries lacks access to biomedical health care services, often relying on traditional medicine and/or self-care [1]. State Department guidelines note that staff with confirmed brain injuries from the disease are eligible for over $180,000 (150,000) each. Many respondents identified lying as a cause of ill-health. Data obtained from our study indicated that the role of social prohibitions and the consequences of their violation were a key factor causing health problems in Tehuledere. The onset of infectious diseases conquest for indigenous groups like this used to please the gods by prayers and or. 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