missouri river in missouri
[62] At Kansas City, 366.1 miles (589.2 km) from the mouth, the river's average flow is 55,400 cu ft/s (1,570 m3/s). Fort Union gradually became the main headquarters for the fur trade in the upper Missouri basin. [187], The industry's success, however, did not guarantee safety. [2][85] In its pre-development state, the river transported some 175 to 320 million short tons (159 to 290 million metric tons) per year. The River Otters played at the 11,000-seat Family Arena owned by the county of St. Charles. Development of the floodplain has led to increasing numbers of people and infrastructure within areas at high risk of inundation. Fertilizer runoff, which causes elevated levels of nitrogen and other nutrients, is a major problem along the Missouri River, especially in Iowa and Missouri. Because of its large sediment concentrations, the Missouri does not support many aquatic invertebrates. [170] Along with nearly 100 smaller dams on tributaries, namely the Bighorn, Platte, Kansas, and Osage Rivers, the system provides irrigation water to nearly 7,500 sq mi (19,000 km2) of land. Biodiversity generally increased proceeding downstream from the cold, subalpine headwaters in Montana to the temperate, moist climate of Missouri. [184][186], During the early 19th century, at the height of the fur trade, steamboats and keelboats travelled nearly the whole length of the Missouri from Montana's rugged Missouri Breaks to the mouth, carrying beaver and buffalo furs to and from the areas the trappers frequented. [122][123], Lisa's men started construction of Fort Raymond, which sat on a bluff overlooking the confluence of the Yellowstone and Bighorn, in the fall of 1807. These consequences were pronounced in North Dakota's Fort Berthold Indian Reservation, where 150,000 acres (61,000 ha) of land was taken by the construction of Garrison Dam. Black Eagle Dam and (foreground) Black Eagle Falls on the Missouri River, near Great Falls, west-central Montana, U.S. Fort Peck Dam on the Missouri River near Glasgow, northeastern Montana, U.S. Outcompeted by trains, the number of boats slowly dwindled, until there was almost nothing left by the 1890s. The Missouri swings east at Kansas City, where the Kansas River enters from the west, and so on into north-central Missouri. For the first 150 years after settlement along the river, little was done to develop the Missouri as a useful waterway or as a source of irrigation and power. A further 281,000 square miles (730,000 km2) of the basin is devoted to the raising of livestock, mainly cattle. [13], The Rocky Mountains of southwestern Montana at the headwaters of the Missouri River first rose in the Laramide Orogeny, a mountain-building episode that occurred from around 70 to 45 million years ago (the end of the Mesozoic through the early Cenozoic). In the 1960s, the USACE predicted an increase to 12 million short tons (11 Mt) per year by 2000, but instead the opposite has happened. [35], To the north, the much lower Laurentian Divide separates the Missouri River watershed from those of the Oldman River, a tributary of the South Saskatchewan River, as well as the Souris, Sheyenne, and smaller tributaries of the Red River of the North. Father Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet reached the mouth of the Missouri in 1673. [131][132] The Hannibal Bridge became the first bridge to cross the Missouri River in 1869, and its location was a major reason why Kansas City became the largest city on the river upstream from its mouth at St. Whether you are preparing for, continuing, or redefining your journey toward self-improvement, we are here to assist and support you. Relive the past by making an exploration of the wild, untamed and mighty river that continues to flow as nature intended. However, the Missouri itself remained formally unexplored until Étienne de Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont commanded an expedition in 1714 that reached at least as far as the mouth of the Platte River. The Pick plan, with an emphasis on flood control and hydroelectric power, called for the construction of large storage dams along the main stem of the Missouri. [12] River development was stimulated by a variety of factors, first by growing demand for electricity in the rural northwestern parts of the basin, and by floods and droughts that plagued rapidly growing agricultural and urban areas along the lower Missouri River. Tonnage of goods shipped by barges on the Missouri River has seen a serious decline from the 1960s to the present. The Missouri River is the longest river in North America. Louis. [156], The World Wide Fund For Nature divides the Missouri River watershed into three freshwater ecoregions: the Upper Missouri, Lower Missouri and Central Prairie. By then, it had been discovered that the Columbia River system, which drains into the Pacific, had a similar latitude as the headwaters of the Missouri River, and it was widely believed that a connection or short portage existed between the two. By this time, also, the beaver population of streams in the Rocky Mountains had been decimated by intense hunting. Missouri River Basin; Missouri River; streamflow [104], Bourgmont had in fact been in trouble with the French colonial authorities since 1706, when he deserted his post as commandant of Fort Detroit after poorly handling an attack by the Ottawa that resulted in thirty-one deaths. Trappers of the Hudson's Bay Company, St. Louis Missouri Fur Company, American Fur Company, Rocky Mountain Fur Company, North West Company and other outfits worked thousands of streams in the Missouri watershed as well as the neighboring Columbia, Colorado, Arkansas, and Saskatchewan river systems. Evaporation from reservoirs significantly reduces the river's runoff, causing an annual loss of over 3 million acre feet (3.7 km3) from mainstem reservoirs alone. [230][231], In north-central Montana, some 1,100,000 acres (4,500 km2) along over 125 miles (201 km) of the Missouri River, centering on Fort Peck Lake, comprise the Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge. Furthermore, frequent Native American attacks on trading posts made it dangerous for employees of the fur companies. [65][66][67] Yellowstone River. [19] This was accomplished by constructing levees and wing dams to direct the river's flow into a straight, narrow channel and prevent sedimentation. It envisioned a system of more than 100 dams and reservoirs on the Missouri and certain of its tributaries. Most did not stay in the area for long, as they failed to find significant resources. Missouri River, longest tributary of the Mississippi River and second longest river in North America. Mouth of the Missouri River. [216], Since river commerce and industrial development began in the 1800s, human activity has severely polluted the Missouri and degraded its water quality. [182], "[Missouri River shipping] never achieved its expectations. [56], The lowermost gage with a period of record greater than fifty years is at Hermann, Missouri – 97.9 miles (157.6 km) upstream of the mouth of the Missouri – where the average annual flow was 87,520 cu ft/s (2,478 m3/s) from 1897 to 2010. [91] No written records from the tribes and peoples of the pre-European contact period exist because they did not yet use writing. ", "Missouri River Environmental Assessment Program Summary", "USGS Gage #06934500 on the Missouri River at Hermann, Missouri: Water-Data Report 2009", "Hydrologic History of the Lower Missouri River", "Lengths of major rivers, from USGS Water-Science School", "Boundary Descriptions and Names of Regions, Subregions, Accounting Units and Cataloging Units", "USGS Gage #07010000 on the Mississippi River at St. Louis, Missouri: Water-Data Report 2009", "United States Geological Survey Topographic Maps", "USGS Gage #06185500 on the Missouri River near Culbertson, MT", "USGS Gage #06329000 on the Yellowstone River near Sidney, MT", "Missouri River Mainstem Reservoir System Master Water Control Manual", "No More Floods! The Missouri River Water Management Division is part of the Northwestern Division of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and is located in Omaha, Nebraska. [117][118], Meriwether Lewis and William Clark began their famed expedition in 1804 with a party of thirty-three people in three boats. The commotion was such that the water was made muddy by it and could not clear itself. The river's average discharge at Bismarck, 1,314.5 miles (2,115.5 km) from the mouth, is 21,920 cu ft/s (621 m3/s). In contrast, the upper Mississippi has 29 locks and dams and averaged 61.3 million tons of cargo annually from 2008 to 2011,[209] and its locks are closed in the winter. [26], The Missouri's largest tributaries by runoff are the Yellowstone in Montana and Wyoming, the Platte in Wyoming, Colorado, and Nebraska, and the Kansas–Republican/Smoky Hill and Osage in Kansas and Missouri. Missouri River, longest tributary of the Mississippi River and second longest river in North America. [36] Most rivers and streams in the Missouri River basin flow from west to east, following the incline of the Great Plains; however, some eastern tributaries such as the James, Big Sioux and Grand River systems flow from north to south. Lisa and his crew traveled up the Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers, trading manufactured items in return for furs from local Native American tribes, and established a fort at the confluence of the Yellowstone and a tributary, the Bighorn, in southern Montana. [40], The table on the right lists the ten longest tributaries of the Missouri, along with their respective catchment areas and flows. However, shipping traffic has since been far lower than expected – shipments of commodities including produce, manufactured items, lumber, and oil averaged only 683,000 tons (616,000 t) per year from 1994 to 2006. [12] The watershed's largest city is Denver, Colorado, with a population of more than six hundred thousand. [80] Date Taken: 2018 (approx.) [99], In May 1673, the French-Canadian explorer Louis Jolliet and the French explorer Jacques Marquette left the settlement of St. Ignace on Lake Huron and traveled down the Wisconsin and Mississippi Rivers, aiming to reach the Pacific Ocean. However, this ended after news of incursions by trappers working for the Hudson's Bay Company in the upper Missouri River watershed was brought back following an expedition by Jacques D'Eglise in the early 1790s. Conflict between settlers and Native Americans in the watershed led to some of the most longstanding and violent of the American Indian Wars. For millennia, the area around the upper Missouri River was home to Native American peoples such as the Blackfeet, Hidatsa, and Crow. As first area settled by Europeans along the river it was largely populated by slave-owning southerners following the Boone's Lick Road. Before they were hunted by colonists and Native Americans, these animals, such as the buffalo, provided meat, clothing, and other everyday items; there were also great riparian areas in the river's floodplain that provided habitat for herbs and other staple foods. The Missouri River Water Management office releases a report at the beginning of each month to the public documenting the monthly river forecast and release schedule. [110], Arguably the most successful of the Missouri Company expeditions was that of James MacKay and John Evans. This resulted in frequent raids, massacres and armed conflicts, leading to the federal government creating multiple treaties with the Plains tribes, which generally involved establishing borders and reserving lands for the indigenous. About forty-five steamboat wrecks are scattered along these reaches of the river. In addition to the locations already mentioned, the other chief cities along the Missouri are Williston, North Dakota; Council Bluffs, Iowa; Omaha and Nebraska City, Nebraska; Atchison and Leavenworth, Kansas; and Columbia and St. Charles, Missouri. Safer paths were blazed to the Great Salt Lake near Corinne, Utah during the gold rush period, which led to the large-scale settlement of the Rocky Mountains region and eastern Great Basin. (Lenexa, Kan., March 25, 2021) - Federal, state, and local response agencies worked together last weekend to recover a potentially dangerous anhydrous ammonia tank floating in the Missouri River near Claysville, just west of Jefferson City, Missouri. Two free flowing stretches of the Missouri make up the National Park. [185] By the 1830s, large mail and freight-carrying vessels were running regularly between Kansas City and St. Louis, and many traveled even farther upstream. The entire system of dams and reservoirs has greatly reduced flooding on the Missouri and provides water to irrigate millions of acres of cropland along the main river and its tributaries. During this bloody period, both the Native Americans and the U.S. military won victories in major battles, resulting in the loss of nearly a thousand lives. [26] Thus measured to its highest headwaters, the Missouri River stretches for 2,639 miles (4,247 km). [138], As settlers expanded their holdings into the Great Plains, they ran into land conflicts with Native American tribes. Many migratory animals naturally inhabit the plains area. [19], The Missouri's drainage basin has highly variable weather and rainfall patterns, Overall, the watershed is defined by a Continental climate with warm, wet summers and harsh, cold winters. At Great Falls, a section of the Black Eagle Dam was dynamited to save nearby factories from inundation. [96] Most Native American nations in the basin relied heavily on the bison as a food source, and their hides and bones served to create other household items. [168] Holding up to 74.1 million acre feet (91.4 km3) in total, the six reservoirs can store more than three years' worth of the river's flow as measured below Gavins Point, the lowermost dam. [206][207] Drought conditions lifted in 2010, in which about 334,000 short tons (303,000 t) were barged on the Missouri, representing the first significant increase in shipments since 2000. It then proceeds to form the boundary of South Dakota and Nebraska, then after being joined by the James River from the north, forms the Iowa–Nebraska boundary. [145] Small, privately owned hydroelectric projects have existed since the 1890s, but the large flood-control and storage dams that characterize the middle reaches of the river today were not constructed until the 1950s. (AP) — A 1,500-gallon tank full of anhydrous ammonia was pulled from the Missouri River as it floated downstream near Jefferson City, the Environmental Protection Agency said. There are also several large endorheic basins between the Missouri and Nelson watersheds in southern Alberta and Saskatchewan. This area is sometimes counted as part of the Missouri River watershed, even though its waters do not flow to either side of the Continental Divide. In 1801, Spain restored rights to use the Mississippi and New Orleans to the United States. Those considering fishing in Missouri River Country should think big. Other tributaries are the Bad, Blackwater, Cannonball, Gasconade, Grand, Heart, Judith, Knife, Little Missouri, Moreau, Musselshell, and White rivers, which enter from the south and west. There also are numerous state and local parks and recreational areas along the length of the river. The latter was far more destructive, with the river increasing to over ten times its normal discharge in some years. [121], The first glowing reports of country rich with thousands of game animals came in 1806 when Meriwether Lewis and William Clark returned from their two-year expedition. Many present-day names of geographic features in the upper Missouri basin originated from their expedition. [125][126] In 1828, the American Fur Company founded Fort Union at the confluence of the Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers. Updates? [15] Rising in the Rocky Mountains of western Montana, the Missouri flows east and south for 2,341 miles (3,767 km)[11] before entering the Mississippi River north of St. Louis, Missouri. 248–249, and references therein, South Dakota State Historical Society & South Dakota Department of History pp. This rock-filled timber crib dam generated seven and a half megawatts of electricity for Helena and the surrounding countryside. These modifications have reduced the river's length from some 2,540 miles (4,090 km) in the late 19th century to 2,341 miles (3,767 km) in the present day. [104] In 1718, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville requested that the French government bestow upon Bourgmont the Cross of St. Louis because of his "outstanding service to France". Today, the river's riparian zone consists primarily of cottonwoods, willows and sycamores, with several other types of trees such as maple and ash. [226][227] These reaches exhibit islands, meanders, sandbars, underwater rocks, riffles, snags, and other once-common features of the lower river that have now disappeared under reservoirs or have been destroyed by channeling. The USACE's failure to consistently maintain the navigation channel has also hampered the industry. Chief tributaries include the Cheyenne, Kansas, Niobrara, Osage, Platte, and Yellowstone rivers, flowing in on the south and west sides, and the James and Milk rivers, entering from the north. The Columbia, Missouri and Colorado River watersheds meet at Three Waters Mountain in Wyoming's Wind River Range. Agreement on the origin of the name of the Missouri River is difficult because too many contradictory explanations exist. [68][69][70] The Laramide Orogeny is essential to modern Missouri River hydrology, as snow and ice melt from the Rockies provide the majority of the flow in the Missouri and its tributaries. This Laramide uplift caused the sea to retreat and laid the framework for a vast drainage system of rivers flowing from the Rocky and Appalachian Mountains, the predecessor of the modern-day Mississippi watershed. [9], By discharge, the Missouri is the ninth largest river of the United States, after the Mississippi, St. Lawrence, Ohio, Columbia, Niagara, Yukon, Detroit, and St. Clair. [120], As early as the 18th century, fur trappers entered the extreme northern basin of the Missouri River in the hopes of finding populations of beaver and river otter, the sale of whose pelts drove the thriving North American fur trade. With over 1,500 sq mi (3,900 km2) of open water, the six reservoirs of the Missouri River Mainstem System provide some of the main recreational areas within the basin. There it makes its final eastward turn, flowing until it joins the Mississippi River about 10 miles (16 km) north of St. Louis. About 522,500 sq mi (1,353,000 km2), or 98.7% of the watershed, lies above Hermann. [18][19], With a drainage basin spanning 529,350 square miles (1,371,000 km2),[12] In fact, the Yellowstone's flow is about 13,800 cu ft/s (390 m3/s)[38] – accounting for sixteen percent of total runoff in the Missouri basin and nearly double that of the Platte. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The Missouri proper has a total course of 2,315 miles (3,726 km). [19] Many of the run-of-the-river dams on the Missouri (marked in yellow) form very small impoundments which may or may not have been given names; those unnamed are left blank. [192][193], Since the beginning of the 20th century, the Missouri River has been extensively engineered for water transport purposes, and about 32 percent of the river now flows through artificially straightened channels. The river drains a sparsely populated, semi-arid watershedof more than 500,000 square miles (1,300,000 km ), which includes parts of ten U.S. states and two Canadian provinces. "River", Southband Pawnee", "The True Utmost Reaches of the Missouri: Were Lewis and Clark wrong when they identified the source of this great river? –Sioux City Register, March 28, 1868[156], The Missouri basin suffered a series of catastrophic floods around the turn of the 20th century, most notably in 1844, 1881, and 1926–1927. Most built-up areas are along the main stem and a few major tributaries, including the Platte and Yellowstone Rivers. [200] The USACE was blamed for failing to maintain the channel to the minimum depth. Concluded at Paris the 10th day of February, 1763. For navigation purposes, the Missouri River is divided into two main sections. To the east of Kansas City, the Missouri receives, on the left side, the Grand River. The western Engineer and the Yellowstone, could make it up missouri river in missouri National Park land with... As far as eastern Montana article ( requires login ) Waters Mountain in Wyoming and southeastern.! 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