Most of all that of the moneyers (coin makers) and their supporters who were holding out on the Caelian Hill. Introduction This paper examines the allegation that the Roman emperor Aurelian, who reigned from AD 270-75, was a potential persecutor of the Christians . At about the same time, new usurpers rose against him in the empire, the Goths crossed into the Balkans, and Zenobia invaded Asia Minor. 12:01 p.m. The demise of Palmyra now left Aurelian free to deal with the Gallic empire. [citation needed] Tetricus was rewarded for his collusion by Aurelian who made him a senator and corrector (governor) of Lucania et Bruttium. Aurelian used the resources gained from the battles to enrich the provinces. Aurelian is usually credited with changing or completing the change of the food distribution system from grain or flour to bread, and adding olive oil, salt, and pork to the products distributed to the populace. Only the city of Tyana resisted him (AD 272). a. Odenaethus b. Philip the Arab c. Maximian d. Aurelian. His adventus took place in December 275, as is shown by denarii struck from aureus dies with the dated reverse P M Tr P II Cos P P: Tacituss second tribunician power began on 10 December 275 and he assumed his second consulship on 1 January 276. The Historia Augusta alludes to the suppression of a revolt in Lyon itself. Wife: Ulpia Severina (one daughter; name unknown). Valens Thessalonicus from Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum He also defeated the Goths, Vandals, Juthungi, Sarmatians, and Carpi. The barbarians now made one crucial mistake. With an act typical of the Crisis of the Third Century, the army refused to recognize the new emperor, preferring to support one of its own commanders: Aurelian was proclaimed emperor about May 270[30][31] by the legions in Sirmium. f Some thoughts on the emperor Aurelian as 'persecutor.'. This is obvious because there was no immediate successor. The reason for the assassination was rather mundane As an administrator, Aurelian was ruthless, with an inclination to cruelty. Soon after another victory at Emesa brought about the capitulation of Palmyra (AD 272). He ruled only 5 years until his assassination, yet he did much to end the crisis of the third century. Meaning of aurelian. Eventually Zenobia and her son were captured and made to walk the streets of Rome in his triumph, the woman in golden chains. Afterward, Aurelian defeated the Gallic Emperor Tetricus I in 274. Indeed, under his rule, Rome was recovering some of its former splendour. Almost immediately thereafter Aurelian had to go north again, where this times the Vandals, joined by Sarmatians, had crossed the Danube. [50], Aurelian is believed to have terminated Trajan's alimenta program. But, on the main currency issues, the aureliani and the prestigious gold coins, Severina was transformed into the incarnation of Concordia, and in particular the Concordia of the soldiers (Concordia Militum). The revolt seems to have been caused by the fact that the mint workers, and Felicissimus first, were accustomed to stealing the silver for the coins and producing coins of inferior quality. During his reign, he defeated the Alamanni after a devastating war. History repeats because human nature never changes. The Senate finally selected Tacitus, who was of consular rank. This section of the city once contained the Library of Alexandria, although the extent of the surviving Library in Aurelian's time is uncertain. He spoke not; but stood gazing at the dark entrance into the temple, from which the sound had come. They were reluctant to do so, and yet they had no choice.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'roman_empire_net-box-4','ezslot_1',107,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-roman_empire_net-box-4-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'roman_empire_net-box-4','ezslot_2',107,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-roman_empire_net-box-4-0_1');.box-4-multi-107{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:7px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:250px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}. However, other indicators show continuing difficulties, both military and civil, between the Alps and the Rhone slightly later, towards the start of 276, under the reign of Tacitus. Teh price of bread in Rome was regulated. He reigned from 270 to 275. These products had been distributed sporadically before. After the assassination of Probus in 282 by soldiers, Carus became emperor and immediately associated with himself his two sons, Carinus and Numerian. To this day, our coins are denoted by which mint produced them - Philadelphia, The reference to a military victory by Tacitus before his arrival in Rome and the celebration of his adventus in the capital after his proclamation as emperor, disproves the theory that Tacitus was the old princeps senatus present at Rome when he was elected by his peers, or else a senator who had retired from affairs of state and who was brought back from his countryside retreat and entered Rome as a private citizen. The first actions of the new Emperor were aimed at strengthening his own position in his territories. He rebuilt the walls around Rome. assassination definition: 1. the murder of someone famous or important: 2. the murder of someone famous or important: . but he died in 270 AD and was succeeded by Aurelian. No matter the short period of his reign, Emperor Aurelian achieved unimaginable. The bed of the Tiber was cleared and its banks were repaired. In Syria he defeated the main force of the Palmyrene army at Immae, 26 miles east of Antioch (AD 272). The first coins in the name of Tacitus were issued at Lyon for an important gold donative. In 272 unity was restored by Aurelian, but Mesopotamia was lost, and the Euphrates became the new frontier of the empire. The style of the imperial portrait of the earliest coin issues of Tacitus from the mints of Rome and of Ticinum show that they, unlike Lyon, were prepared in the absence of the new emperor. Consequently, Aurelian decided to invade. The papyri show that the empress Severina ruled as regent for about two months until Tacitus received the badges of office in mid November 275. The Alemanni, Juthungi and Marcomanni invaded the empire in force, before even the Vandals had finished withdrawing. He moved on them and defeated these smaller armies one by one (AD 271). He had left his generals to lead the campaign against the Goths: his praetorian prefect Florian was already in Anatolia. $22. Out of the many possible candidates, the consular status that Tacitus had held since 273, when he held the consulship with Julius Placidianus, had probably weighed in his favour. Ten more years of political and military strife followed the assassination of _____ by his own troops. The murder was twinly treason and sacrilege, taking place on the steps of the Great Chantry of . This was mainly the case, due to Aurelians reputation as a strict disciplinarian. Unknown. Learn more. Les Classics. In late AD 274 Aurelian first dealt with disorder at Lugdunum (Lyons) and then went north to fight off an invasion of Raetia by the Juthungi (Jutes). Aurelian was born on September 9, 214 CE to a peasant family just south of the Danube and joined the army when he was around 20. Kennedy's motorcade was turning past the Texas . On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. This liberty can hardly relate to the Senate of Rome; either the inscription alludes to the victory won by Tacitus over the German barbarians who were threatening the territory of Narbonensis, or, more probably, it concerns the tax privileges offered by the new emperor to the province of Narbonensis or to some of her cities. Emperor Aurelian. He had . Only after this symbolic gesture, and having left hostages and supplied 2000 horsemen to the Roman cavalry, were the Vandals allowed to withdraw back across the Danube. Aurelian was clearly a contender for the vacant throne after the assassination, but Claudius Gothicus was the preferred choice. At his accession Tacitus was of consular rank but had come from the equestrian class and was in no way a champion of the senatorial cause. The coin issues reveal that, following the death of Aurelian, an interregnum did indeed occur, but that it is the empress Severina who was in charge during this period. Once more northern Italy had to endure a force of barbarians descending upon it from the Alps. Florianus is still killed by his . Very few of the barbarians managed to escape back across the Alps. [6], The Historia Augusta describes him both as a Pannonian from Sirmium and as a native of Dacia Ripensis "which he founded so that he would have been a Moesian". Aurelian won this campaign largely through diplomacy; the "Gallic Emperor" Tetricus was willing to abandon his throne and allow Gaul and Britain to return to the Empire, but could not openly submit to Aurelian. What does aurelian mean? [26], While still dealing with the defeated enemy, news came from the Balkans reporting large-scale attacks from the Heruli, Goths, Gepids, and Bastarnae. Six emperors came and went before the next strong ruler, Diocletian, came on to the scene. Marching through Raetia and the Alps unhindered, they entered northern Italy and began pillaging the area. Asia Minor was recovered easily; every city but Byzantium and Tyana surrendered to him with little resistance. The donative also included a public distribution of denarii, quinarii and bronze coins, the typology of which is remarkable: Mars Ultor and Victoria Aug allude to the spirit of vengeance that drove Tacitus and his army against the military faction responsible for Aurelians assassination, as well as to an imperial victory already won by Tacitus at the moment when he entered Rome. Aurelians nickname was manu ad ferrum (in Latin hand on hilt) since he solved problems with a sword and not with words. Aurelian rushed back to Italy and met the barbarians at Placentia. She appears systematically next to Aurelian on the coinage. One of the greatest of the Roman soldier emperors, born at Sirmium in Pannonia between AD 212-14. Aurelius Victor recycles information that he found in the now lost Kaisergeschichte: an interregnum of six months took place after the death of Aurelian during which the Senate and the army sought a successor. He pushed traditional Roman religion hard as Christianitt was rising. Aurelian, now sole emperor, took to dealing with the most pressing military threat, the Juthungi (Jutes). Emperor Claudius fell ill on the march to the battle and returned to his regional headquarters in Sirmium, leaving Aurelian in charge of operations against the Goths. His reign, however, was abruptly cut by the emperor's assassination on his way to Persia. Aurelian had a reputation for quickly and decisively eliminating perceived threats, so no one on the list was prepared to take chances. More from This Artist Similar Designs. This rapid evolution of the portrait shows that at Rome the die-engravers had never seen Tacitus before his proclamation and his arrival in the city, in contrast to what is claimed by the Historia Augusta. This time there was no clemency shown. [Aurelius Victor, xxxiii,21. However, the Roman Empire was crumbling. . Already in the spring of AD 272 Aurelian set out for the east. Epigraphic evidence confirms that the Empress had a military role. Aurelian served under Emperor Gallienus's (ruled 253-268) army and is believed to have participated in his assassination. Amongst the other Latin sources, Eutropius is silent on this point. The official recall of the coinage of Gallic emperors finally took place at the end of Probuss reign (ca 282-3), but even after that the western provinces did not have enough good quality new coins: the poor quality antoniniani of Gallienus and Claudius II which had been recalled and taken out of circulation elsewhere in the Empire were put back into the market and enjoyed a widespread re-circulation. Aurelian, being an experienced commander, was aware of the importance of the army, and his propaganda, known through his coinage, shows he wanted the support of the legions. Answer (1 of 3): The assassination had nothing to do with the Praetorian Guard. $18. [20] In 268 or 269 Aurelian and his cavalry participated in the victory of Emperor Gallienus (or Emperor Claudius II Gothicus) over the Goths at the Battle of Naissus. Aurelian, Emperor of Rome. The rich province of Egypt was also recovered by Aurelian. They were actually Mauri, a Latin name unrela. When rival Roman factions controlled Gaul and Raetia, as was the case in 262274 and 306, the limes of the Agri Decumates were no longer defensible and had to be abandoned. Steven T. Munchin. After a series of quick wins against other pretenders for the throne (there were at least five), he embarked on a mission impossible the restoration of the Roman Empire to its former glory. Their testimony does not allow us to determine whether the disturbances in Gaul were due to external or internal causes. His suggestion has not been taken up by other academic authorities. [27], Claudius could not afford another pitched battle, so he instead laid a successful ambush, killing thousands. Indeed, around this time, Aurelian reformed the Cura Annonae to replace the dole of grain by a dole of bread, salt and pork, as well as subsidized prices for other goods such as oil and wine.[51]. Josephus Augustus Knip - The Aurelian Wall in Rome Painting. 171 Painting. [6] It is also generally assumed that, as a member of the lowest rank of society albeit a citizen[b] he would have enlisted in the ranks of the legions. Zenobia minted coins bearing the images of Aurelian as emperor and Vaballathus . [25] The war against Aureolus and the concentration of forces in Italy allowed the Alamanni to break through the Rhaetian limes along the upper Danube. Aurelian moved decisively and defeated the barbarians in battle (AD 271). It must be stressed that this medallion shares its obverse die with medallions with the reverse Soli Invicto, Sol in his chariot, and with others showing purely military types as Virtus Augusti, Hercules crowning a trophy, and Adlocutio Augusti, the emperor addressing the soldiers. The minting authorities provoked a shortage by striking the aurelianus in reduced quantities: hoards show that the essential currency in circulation was then comprised of unreformed radiates of the Gallic emperors Victorinus and Tetricus and their numerous copies. It is commonly accepted that Aurelian probably joined the army in 235 at around age twenty. Former Prime Minister Shinzo Abe speaks moments before being shot in front of the Yamato-Saidaiji Station in Nara, Japan, on Friday, July 8. Aurelian defeated Quintillus' troops, and was recognized as emperor by the Senate after Quintillus' death. They had a square tower every 30 meters (97 feet) 380 towers altogether. The line of leaders who followed Gallienus, the Soldier Emperors, ended with the assassination of _____ Aurelian. One of his successors, Emperor Diocletian (reigned 284-305) reformed the empire, allowing it to survive in the west for almost two centuries and in the east for over a millennium. This time Aurelian was merciless he razed the city to the ground. The end seemed inevitable. The . He revised the monetary system of the empire. It is also noteworthy that his assassination was a hastily carried out plot. The rationalis Felicissimus, a senior public financial official whose responsibilities included supervision of the mint at Rome, revolted against Aurelian. While Aurelian was marching with his army to invade Persia his Praetorian Guard murdered him in Thrace, Greece. Then Aurelian took to Rome, where the senate officially confirmed him as emperor. [c] This could be a more expeditious route to senior military and procuratorial offices than that pursued by ex-rankers, although not necessarily less laborious. However, Aurelian never reached Persia, as he was murdered while waiting in Thrace to cross into Asia Minor. At the time of Aurelians death, the Roman Empire was back United and shining in all of its glory. [18] Following this, Crinitus disappeared from the historical record. One source says Aurelian, who was present at the siege, participated and supported general Claudius for the purple which is plausible. It was an inspired move, bringing several Greek cities and the entire province of Egypt back into the empire without a fight. Sol Invictus would continue to be favored by Roman emperors for the next 50 years, until Constantines adoption of Christianity.in wikipedia, In early 275 Aurelian returned to Gaul to suppress an uprising, possibly in Lugdunum. When led by a competent commander, the Roman army was still a deadly war machine! However, the Romans underestimated the Goths and let their guard down, allowing the enemy to break through their lines and escape. The 11th issue of the Roman mint was that of the third consulship (January 275); Rome was the only mint in the Empire at that time - and the 11th issue was the only series where all the denominations planned by Aurelians reform were struck. [41] Many of the rebels were executed; also some of the supporting senators were put to death. The deaths of the Sassanid Kings Shapur I (272) and Hormizd I (273) in quick succession, and the rise to power of a weakened ruler (Bahram I), presented an opportunity to attack the Sassanid Empire, and in 275 Aurelian set out for another campaign against the Sassanids. With the important exception of Gallienuss wife Salonina, never have we seen an empress so regularly associated with her husband on coin issues, including the Severan dynasty where the Syrian princesses enjoyed considerable political power. In early 269, emperor Claudius and Aurelian marched north to meet the Alamanni, defeating them at the Battle of Lake Benacus. Aurelian strengthened the position of the Sun god Sol Invictus as the main divinity of the Roman pantheon. Roman-Empire.net is the leading web-resource on Rome.The rich history and culture of the Roman Empire has lasting impacts in modern society.This website is dedicated to the education of this fascinating period in time. The Historia Augusta describes her as "priestess of Sol", whose worship Aurelian promoted as Emperor (Sol Invictus). Aurelian restored the Empire's eastern provinces after his conquest of the Palmyrene Empire in 273. The claim that Aurelian was chosen by Claudius on his death bed[32] can be dismissed as propaganda; later, probably in 272, Aurelian put his own dies imperii at the day of Claudius' death, thus implicitly considering Quintillus a usurper.[33]. He would go on to lead the cavalry of the emperor Gallienus, until Gallienus' assassination in 268. Gallienus was followed on the throne by Claudius Gothicus. Apart from normal base silver coinage, the interregnum of Severina is also clearly shown from the production of a gold donative at the mints of Rome, Ticinum, Siscia and Cyzicus. Other sources do not cite Aurelian among those who conjured against Gallienus.] Within six months, his armies stood at the gates of Palmyra, which surrendered when Zenobia tried to flee to the Sassanid Empire. The ensuing battle was indecisive: the northward advance of the Goths was halted but Roman losses were heavy. Bringing a weakened Rome to bear on . His father was a tenant farmer of a wealthy senator Aurelius, after whom the family were named.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'roman_empire_net-medrectangle-3','ezslot_8',102,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-roman_empire_net-medrectangle-3-0'); Aurelian rose through the ranks of the army, serving with distinction on the Danube frontier. This title was first assumed by Aurelian in late summer of 272, and had been carried previously by both Valerian and Gallienus. In general, Tacituss coin types, particularly the incantatory invocation to the eternity of Rome, Romae Aeternae, may mark the return to a certain religious orthodoxy which deviates from the solar theocracy of Aurelian, but they do not break with the main themes of the second half of the 3rd century. In 271, the Alamanni moved towards Italia, entering the Po plain and sacking the villages; they passed the Po River, occupied Placentia and moved towards Fano. She was from Dacia. Two-thirds of the walls are still standing today. Aurelian (Latin: Lucius Domitius Aurelianus; 9 September 214 - c. October 275) was Roman emperor from 270 to 275. Whatever his origins, Aurelian certainly must have built up a very solid reputation for military competence during the tumultuous mid-decades of the century. Born in modest circumstances, near the Danube River, he entered the Roman army in 235 and climbed up the ranks. The fact that Severina finally stepped back to favour Tacitus and that the armies did nothing to contest his candidature strengthens the hypothesis that Tacitus was closer to the military entourage of Aurelian than to senatorial circles and the evidence of the coinage supports this. The reign of Aurelian as Emperor of Rome between September 270 and September 275 was a period during which some semblance of . [citation needed], Aurelian was a reformer, and settled many important functions of the imperial apparatus, dealing with the economy and religion. In Rome, where Severina had ceded power to Tacitus, important issues mark the arrival of the new emperor. This was intended to reinforce the legitimacy of the new emperor with the troops and was distributed in the presence of Tacitus. Died at Caenophrurium in Thrace, October/November AD 275. Aurelian was designated as legate of the Third Legion. Julius Caesar. However, it seems that this extrapolation of unverifiable facts is now generally accepted as being no more than just that.[9]. Was: $174.99. However Aurelian was quicker and the barbarians were caught up with and severely defeated before they escaped back across the Danube. To protect the Alps and the access to Gallia Lugdunensis and northern Italy from the barbarians he left some of his army commanders, or vicarii, in the western provinces, among them the future emperor Tacitus, who was to receive the title of Germanicus Maximus shortly after his accession. He set himself apart from previous emperors of the third century in . The literary sources are silent on the role of Severina during this transition period: instead they prefer to develop the myth of the election of Tacitus by the Roman Senate, a theme which is treated at length in the Historia Augusta. Eros deceit was successful and Mucapor, a Thracian officer of the praetorians, finally killed Aurelian. [53][24] Sources hint at an interregnum between Aurelian's death and the election of Marcus Claudius Tacitus as his successor. Unlike the Italian mints whose first issues showed a juvenile and out of date image of Tacitus, the coins of Lyon have from the first series the true and definitive portrait of Aurelians successor. The emperor had Aureolus killed and one source implicates Aurelian in the deed, perhaps even signing the warrant for his death himself. J. Bray (1997), pp. Tacituss accession of power is thereby shown in a totally different light. Driving Aureolus back into Mediolanum, Gallienus promptly besieged his adversary in the city. The 62-year-old spearheaded Iranian military operations in the Middle East as head of Iran . Aurelian (Latin: Lucius Domitius Aurelianus; 9 September 214 - c. October 275) was a Roman emperor, . The Historia Augusta tells us that the region of Augusta Vindelicum (Augsburg) was exposed to the ravages of the barbarians, probably again the Alamanni and the Juthungi. Unlike the assassination of Gallienus, which involved almost all the senior army commanders, the unexpected murder of Aurelian by junior officers left the State in difficulties as to how to find a successor. Alas, he was assassinated in the woods, outside a Roman camp. His sudden death shocked the army, who turned to the Senate to select a new emperor. The coinage demonstrates unambiguously that when Tacitus arrived in Rome he was already emperor and, what is more, he came as a victorious general. [14] Ulpius was reportedly born in the city of Italica, in modern Spain. He was from Libya and spoke with an accent so they considered him uncultured. Fronto hastily approached him, and whispering but one word as it were into his ear, the Emperor started; the spell . Modern research considers Dacia Ripensis as the more likely region. The free distribution of bread was reorganized and rations of pork, oil and salt were added to the dole. By AD 268, when Aureolus rebelled against Gallienus, he held a cavalry commanding north Italy. Apparently emperor Claudius ignored advice, perhaps from Aurelian, and withheld the cavalry and sent in only the infantry to stop their break-out. Aurelian ordered the cohortes urbanae ("urban cohorts"), reinforced by some regular troops of the imperial army, to attack the rebelling mob: the resulting battle, fought on the Caelian hill, marked the end of the revolt, even if at a high price (some sources give the figure, probably exaggerated, of 7,000 casualties). Aurelian's enemies in the Senate briefly succeeded in passing damnatio memoriae on the emperor, but this was reversed before the end of the year, and Aurelian, like his predecessor Claudius II, was deified as Divus Aurelianus. According to one source, Aurelian participated in the assassination of Gallienus (268), and supported Claudius II for the purple. Not immune to conspiracies, Aurelian took part in the assassination of Emperor Gallienus in 268. He went on to lead the cavalry of the emperor Gallienus, until Gallienus' assassination in 268. Aurelian (Latin: Lucius Domitius Aurelianus; 9 September 214 c. October 275) was a Roman emperor, who reigned during the Crisis of the Third Century, from 270 to 275. He then marched to Raetia, where the Vindelici tribe had been overrun by barbarians (generally believed to be the Alemanni, but possibly the newly-arrived Longiones). Aurelian had a reputation for quickly and decisively eliminating perceived threats, so no one on the list was prepared to take chances. Other parts of the Empire were benefitting from the influx of reformed aureliani replacing the poor billon coinage of Gallienus and Claudius, which had been recalled after the monetary reform of spring 274. Answer (1 of 5): A real Greek tragedy this one was Lucius Domitius Aurelianus Augustus, despite his name, was the son of some unknown Illyrian (modern day Balkans . In response to developing issues endemic to the empire at this time, including an intensification of barbarian invasions, spiraling inflation, and recurrent infighting and civil war, it made a lot of sense for . Historical Map of Europe & the Mediterranean (summer 271 - Challengers of Aurelian: The Juthungi defeat of Aurelian at Placentia created panic in Rome which, combined with Aurelian's attempts to curb corruption, led to large scale riots. Oriens Avg. It was a detachment in Britain of troops from Mauretania (North Africa), around 300 people, at the time of emperor Aurelian (3rd century AD). The end result was that the Empire could not endure the blow of the capture of Emperor Valerian in 260 by the Sassanids. The Battle of Lake Benacus was fought along the banks of Lake Garda in northern Italy, which was known to the Romans as Benacus, in 268 [2] or early 269 AD, [1] between the army under the command of the Roman Emperor Claudius II and the Germanic tribes of the Alamanni and Juthungi. 'Moors' may be misleading. The Agri Decumates was lost to the Romans in c.262, regained by Aurelian and Probus in 2758, and lost again sometime between 290 and 310. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. However, these coins only depict the esteemed position of Aurelian's Sol and do not provide us with any . On his way, he suppressed a revolt in Gaul possibly against Faustinus, an officer or usurper of Tetricus and defeated barbarian marauders in Vindelicia (Germany). Aurelian was an Illyrian like several other emperors of the late 3rd century (Illyrian Emperors) all of whom shared a common military background. In a mere five years of reign (270-275 AD), he protected the empires borders and reunified the empire. 279288, Pat Southern 2001, p. 109. Much more serious was the threat posed to the empire by great parts having been severed from it; in the west by the Gallic empire; and in the east by the Queen Zenobia of Palmyra. Aurelian's helmet in the show is based on his appearance from Total War: Rome 2's Empire Divided DLC, where he was shown with ornate golden mask. Aurelian adopted a military career, and by his skill, courage, and bodily strength he ultimately became one of the Empire's greatest generals of the 3rd . Gallienus promptly besieged his adversary in the deed, perhaps from Aurelian, and but. He instead laid a successful ambush, killing thousands as legate of the page from! The dole defeated the Goths was halted but Roman losses were heavy inspired move, bringing Greek... 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