Ch19 - Chapter 19 solution for Intermediate Accounting by Donald E. Kieso, Jerry J. Sample/practice exam 18 December 2019, questions and answers, KISI-KISI PTS 2 Bahasa Indonesia KLS 9. digital computers. Some modern Intel Core i3, i5 and i7 processor brands are split into desktop and laptop (or mobile) processors. This computer is not used as a PC in a home neither by a student in a The fifth generation is still a state of the art technology that relies on predictions and further technological refinements. These computers used transistors after invention of transistors. Computer software Data access Also these programs written for execution in one computer cannot be used on another type of computer. The arithmetic/logic unit(ALU) plays two roles. This demanding shopping list is a description of the optical disk, like a CD. giving the computer commands called command or function keys UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION 2010 SCHOOL OF APPLIED AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SEMSTER I EXAMINATION FOR BACHELOR OF BUSINESS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY COURSE CODE: BIT 1105 COURSE TITLE: COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE, As you know, computers rely on accurate data input in order to provide reliable outputs. Begin with one-bit binary addition: 1+1 carries us into the next column. In addition, the EISA can accommodate a 16-bit ISA card in the first row. Data are raw facts and ideas that have not been processed while Information is data that has been processed so as to be useful to the user, Software can be broadly classified into system software and application software. very low i. Let's take a look at how it works. Storage capacity is unquestionably one of the most valuable assets of the computer. This kind Word size also determines the speed of the computer. The size of a computer's cache for instance, is an organizational issue that generally has nothing to do with the ISA. size though today the term is used to refer to large computers. When buying a computer the speed of the CD-ROM drive is advertised using an "X" factor, like 12X, or 24X. blueprint and functional description of requirements and design Need sound recording Put 1 in the 2^1 column, 0 in 2^2, and subtract 2 from 3. They are Arithmetic operations these operations are addition, subtraction, For many applications, EAROM has been supplanted by CMOS RAM backed-up by a lithium battery. Input unit The main features which distinguish one processor from another and which determine the performance of each are; In addition the CPU contains circuitry controlling the interpretation and execution of instructions. You should also refer to the lecture notes available from the textbook website. The organization in this case is vertical. Whereas, Organization defines the way the system is structured so that all those catalogued tools can be used properly. Hexadecimal works in the same way as binary and decimal, but it uses sixteen digits instead of two or ten. A Bus is a set of parallel wires connecting two or more components in a computer. If you are sharing your computer, you must yield memory to someone else after your program runs; if you are not sharing your computer, your programs and data will disappear from memory when you turn off the computer. Typically the clock pulse rate in 2000 is around 500 megahertz (million cycles per second). The records are read in sequence. It is designed to perform a specific function and cannot be changed. There is more than one way of physically organizing data on a disk. Saving and retrieving information from a floppy disk is slower than on a hard drive. V. Secondary storage/Backing Storage. Record the 1. This presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative Explain the different types of computers categorized based on size, price The term mainframe was mainly used for earliest computers as they were big in size though today the term is used to refer to large computers. The process is the same for multiple-bit binary numbers: Column 2^0: 0+1=1. The lecture notes posted are not temperature, speed etc. There are many reasons for a slow computer, but upgrading the computer's hardware can help speed it up. them on the computer. D&T: Programming and problem frequent and the mechanical desk calculator was developed around 1800 A. WebLecture 1 : Evolution of Computer Systems: Download Verified; 2: Lecture 2 : Basic Operation of a Computer: Download Verified; 3: Lecture 3 : Memory Addressing and stream computers and handle hundreds of users they are also used in space exploitation. A large number of Most 4GLs are used to access databases. processing. It may also be defined as the science and art of selecting and interconnecting State and explain any five characteristics of storage. computers are mainly used for scientific and engineering applications. D. Buses; control bus, data bus, Address Bus, SCSI, EISA, MCA, IV. The first place to start is always confirming that the power supply is operating properly. level languages and provision of system software with the computer. Some interrupts, such as those generate by hardware failure, may need to be dealt with immediately, whereas such as an I/O device signaling that it is ready for I/O, can be temporarily ignored. Logical operations it compares two data items to determine whether the represent and store data in discrete quantities or numbers. Read-only media are recorded on by the manufacturer and can be read from but not written to by the user. Reduce the bandwidth required of the large memory Processor Memory (2017). To overcome the performance limitations of SDRAM, two competing technologies have been developed. a similar course at Univ. In 1833, Prof. Charles Babbage, the father of the computer, developed a machine scan. Output devices Hardware: input and output devices, backup storage, central processing Saving and retrieving information from a floppy disk is slower than on a hard We begin with a look at the various storage media, including those used for personal computers, and then consider what it takes to get data organized and processed. This is a technology whereby stored data can be retrieved in only the order in which it is it is physically stored. Several disks can be assembled into a disk pack. many applications, EAROM has been supplanted by CMOS RAM backed-up by Once full, a removable hard disk cartridge can be replaced with a fresh one. Minicomputers Explain the characteristics of computers and how they are different from This places the data in diagonal bands that run across the tape rather than down its length. To appreciate this, suppose you had an empty disk pack on which you wished to record data. Made of flexible Mylar, a diskette can record data as magnetized spots on tracks on its surface. History of computers typing, recording keeping, production of financial statements, drawing, and statistics. The p ro c essor ; Ari th m eti c an d Logi c Unit , C ontro l U n it , sy st em Central Processing Unit is implemented in a single piece of silicon device known as a computer chip. advancement in computer architecture to current technologies A different ISR is provided for each different source of interrupt. (2mks) (b). The address bus is used for communicating the physical addresses of computer memory elements/locations that the requesting unit wants to access (read/write). It can process trillions of instructions in (20 minutes presentation + 5 minutes for i. The two components (hardware, software) will be discussed later in other This is a technology that allows a computer to immediately locate and retrieve a program, information or data. Computers have circuits that can add, subtract, multiply, divide, and do many other things to numbers stored in binary. video recorder contains materials that are frequently examined. Computer architecture or digital computer organization is the conceptual design and fundamental operational structure of a computer system. Neumann Architecture Model and The CPU is connected to the main memory by three separate buses. Once the data has been processed by the processor, the data can be displayed by the output devices. This is the most flexible type of ROM, and is now commonly used for holding BIOS programs. modes, processor registers, and address and data formats. Byte a string of 8 bits Kilobyte 1,024 bytes Megabyte 1,024 Kilobytes Gigabyte 1,024 Megabytes Terabyte 1,024 Gigabytes. Programming: I/O, Traps and Table of Contents. But this is not practical for a system with many files or many users. Introduced the use of very small electronic circuit called integrated circuits (IC) by combining several transistors together between 3 transistors to make 1 IC. D. Hard Drive Failure Troubleshooting, V. Input and output devices and interrupts. Twelve would be 12*10^0, or 10^0(10+2), or 10^1+2*10^0, which also uses an additional column to the left (12). Not all computer hardware uses voltage, however. These computers were mostly computational machines. Hard disk for mainframes and minicomputers may be as large as 14 inches in diameter. P. Box 342-01000 Thika The group of connected disks operates as if it were just one large disk, but it speeds up reading and writing by having multiple access paths. This allows for smaller indentations and increased storage capacity. For example, a transistor with five volts would be considered "on", while a transistor with no voltage would be considered "off." (b) List four of the conditions an ALU tests for. They were huge in size and occupy a room. They are smaller than the main frame but bigger than microcomputers. Following this, the changes were frequent and the mechanical desk calculator was developed around 1800 A.D. came UNIVAC (universal automatic computers). Inside the computer Record the 0 in the ones column, and carry the 1 to the twos column to get an answer of "10." They are slower and less costly compared to mainframe computers but more powerful, reliable and expensive than micro computers. powerpoint format) I will post detailed notes that will go into compared to real read-write memory (RAM) where rewriting is done often many Assembly language is translated into machine code using an assembler before they can be executed. Video Failure Troubleshooting computer. The fetch execute cycle (7mks). Output B. The processor contains the control unit and the arithmetic/logic unit(ALU). They made use of vacuum tubes to store and process information. Recording the data vertically, on the other hand, substantially reduces access arm movement. BIT 1101 Computer Architecture complete lecture notes for first years and all, Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01. In order to synchronise the various steps carried out during the fetch-execute cycle, all the processors have an internal clock which generates regularly timed pulses. the manufacturer. Temporary Result: 1; Carry: 0, Column 2^1: 1+1=10. Static RAM does not need to be refreshed, which makes it faster; but it is also more expensive than dynamic RAM. Therefore, there must be a 0 in the 4's column, (because what we are actually placing is a 2^0 column, and the number is not odd). The processor and main memory of a PC are commonly held on a single board Take the number 163. Disk, Virtual Memory, An easy to use digital logic design simulator is available. These are devices which are used to store huge information for future use. Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM): The next level of erasability is the EEPROM, which can be erased under software control. The pictures Secondary storage, sometimes called auxiliary storage, is storage separate from the computer itself, where you can store software and data on a semi permanent basis. The processor can read and write into the secondary storage devices. They have higher main memory capacity, reliable and increased processing power (have the capability of holding more than one set of instructions and operate on them) than the second generation computers. Continue counting: 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 18, 19, 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E, 1F. The first IBM PC motherboard had only a processor and card slots. To understand binary numbers, begin by recalling elementary school math. integration that confines several physical components per small elements thumb To overcome this limitation, the hexadecimal number system was developed. This new feature enables different reading modes for our document viewer.By default we've enabled the "Distraction-Free" mode, but you can change it back to "Regular", using this dropdown. Electrically Alterable Read-Only Memory(EAROMs) can be modified a bit at a time, but writing is a slow process and uses non-standard voltages (usually higher voltages around 12 volts). Box 342-01000 Thika info@mku.ac.ke Email: www.mku.ac.ke Web: Instructional Manual for BBIT Distance Learning. Northbridge -Definition: Refers to the System Controller component of a Pentium chipset, responsible for integrating the cache and main memory DRAM control functions and for managing the host and PCI buses. They are used to enter huge in size and occupy a room. really means, but remember that this rewriting is done maybe once a year or so. It may also be defined as the science and art of selecting and interconnecting hardware components to create computers that meet functional, performance and cost goals. The commands are entered on a prompt for example the Ms Dos prompt looks like this. Since we divided the number by two, we "took out" one power of two. No optic media can keep up with this. The drive sells for around $80-$125. III. Analog Explain the evolution of computing technology and the technological Since the western alphabet contains only ten digits, hexadecimal uses the letters A-F to represent the digits ten through fifteen. Users plugged components like floppy drive controllers and ()memory into the slots. A byte can hold 28 different combinations of 0s and 1s, which means that for example, 256 different characters can be represented. the keyboard and or punched card input and printer and or punched cart output. They support concurrent users. can do some action Mouse is a common pointing device In Fig 1.3 you can see the ejector clips (D), using your finger, push these into the down position as shown in Fig 1.3, this allows the memory to be inserted. Since 2222=16, this means that each hexadecimal digit is worth exactly four binary digits. time was measured in micro-seconds. There is also the possibility of errors introduced by software. Power supplies often fail gradually, giving rise to symptoms that appear to be caused by individual component failure. Software Video card failure isn't uncommon, and video cards can lose their contact with the motherboard, especially early AGP adapters which frequently popped out of their slot. In assembly language mnemonic codes are used to develop program for problem solving. In binary, any digit higher than 1 puts us a column to the left (as would 10 in decimal notation). At present, computer users do not write programs using machine language. They are more susceptible to physical damage and viruses than the hard drive. video into a computer. to the C language (part 1/2), Introduction For example, a typical 4GL command is: A popular 4GL is SQL , which is a database language used to create queries and build database objects. A CD-RW allows you to read, write, erase and write again. Lecture 11 (Mar 17): Main Memory: Design and Architecture, Presentation Research in Computer Architecture, Presentation will be uploaded next : End of class : The course ends here, schedule for final test is based on the Covid situation! to the C language (part 2/2), Run-time These patterns of "on" and "off" stored inside the computer are used to encode numbers using the binary number system. Topics may include: instruction set design; processor micro-architecture and Internal hardware of a computer. (Photo openphoto.net. Used with permission.) It interprets the instructions in the program and executes one by one. software Obviously this is much more useful than a regular If you want to learn how to repair PC's without swapping every part, it's critical to know what to look for on a powered up system, like a CPU fan that isn't running, or RAM that stays cold. The number 81 in binary would also have a 1 in the 2^0 column. Lecture 21 (TBS): III. % Diskettes became popular along with the personal computer. Execute cause the instruction to be executed. A motherboard by itself is useless, but a computer has to have one to operate. This is mostly hard drives and removable media such as floppy disks, optical media (CD ROM) etc. called analytical engine which was the vase for the modern digital computer. the lecture -- the notes posted here provide, in some cases, more This translates into putting a "1" in the 2^1 column and a "1" in the 2^0 column, to get "11". WebSymposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA), 1994 Lecture notes will be available in pdf and powerpoint formats, with 6 per page for pdf for conventinent printing.. (Powerpoint is for instructors who want to give lectures themselves based on CS 252.) All 4GLs are designed to reduce programming effort, the time it takes to develop software, and the cost of software development. They are used to control the computer and develop and run application programs examples of jobs done by the system software are management of computer resources, defragmentation etc. slower and less costly compared to mainframe computers but more powerful, South bridge -Refers to the Peripheral Bus Controller component of a Pentium chipset, responsible for implementing a PCI-to-ISA bridge function and for managing the ISA bus and all the ports. The second generation saw the introduction of more complex ALU and CPU, the use of high level languages and provision of system software with the computer. Continuing the "CD" analogy, this technology is analogous to a reusable CD-RW. To converty from binary to hexadecimal, reverse the procedure and break the binary number into blocks of four digits. Typically, a CD ROM holds up to 650 MB of information. At the end of the chapter the learner shall be able to; Similarly, the statement a[n-1]*2^(n-1) + a[n-2]*2^(n-2) + + a[1]*2^0 has a power of two removed. Applications software packages sometimes include a dozen diskettes or more; all these could fit on one optical disk with plenty of room to spare. The definition from the Merriam-Webster Dictionary : "one that computes; specifically : a programmable electronic device that can store, Explain the different storage units of a computer such as byte, Kilobyte, Hardware units (Devices) of a computer can be categorized into five units; These suites offer four or more software products packaged together at a much lower price than buying the packages separately. (a) Name the two major components of the Central Processing Unit and briefly describe what each does. Since we already knew how to convert from binary to decimal, we can easily verify our result. 1 Software and Hardware Each disk in the pack has top and bottom surfaces on which to record data. called a mother board. A mainframe is another giant computer after the super computer and can also process millions of instruction per second and capable of accessing billions of data .They are physically very large in size with very high capacity of main memory. higher voltages around 12 volts). Number This is useful for companies that make their own ROMs from software they