second northern war
On the northern front, the Lithuanian hetman Janusz Radziwiłł signed the Treaty of Kėdainiai with Sweden on 17 August 1655, placing the Grand Duchy of Lithuania under Swedish protection. Skellige 10. [15], On 24 August, Charles X Gustav joined Wittenberg's forces. Frederick III was suffering under the humiliating loss of traditional Danish provinces to Sweden in 1645. Sweden also drew the rising Cossack Hetmanate to its side that stood in the strong opposition to the Polish government and promised military support if the Cossacks will break with the Russians. The Dutch Republic often intervened against Sweden. All occupied territories were restored to their pre-war sovereigns. [14] On 8 September Charles X Gustav occupied Warsaw, then turned south to confront the retreating Polish king. Aware of the military superiority of the well-trained Swedish army, the nobles of Greater Poland surrendered to Wittenberg on 25 July in Ujscie after the Battle of Ujście, and then pledged loyalty to the Swedish king. In the Treaty of Roskilde, Denmark had to abandon all Danish provinces in what is now Southern Sweden. When Charles resumed his attack on Russia (late 1707), Peter defeated Charles’s auxiliary corps at Lesnaya (October 1708) and then decisively defeated the main Swedish army at the Battle of Poltava (July 8, 1709). In different historical traditions it is either the First Northern War (German, Russian, Scandinavia and British traditions) or the Second Northern War (Polish tradition). Sweden returned Bornholm and Trøndelag to Denmark. [9] Seeing the great success on the Russian side, Sweden also decided to intervene, among other reasons using the explanation that it was to protect the Protestant population in Poland. [13], Swedish forces entered Poland-Lithuania from Swedish Pomerania in the west, and Livonia in the north. In August, Alexis' army took Livonian Kokenhausen (Koknese), laid siege to Riga and Dorpat (Tartu) and raided Estonia, Ingria and Kexholm. Sweden had won its most prestigious victory, and Denmark had suffered its most costly defeat. Introduction. Sweden ceded Bremen to Hanover and gave up Stettin (Szczecin) and part of Swedish Pomerania to Prussia. As a consequence, the Commonwealth lacked a sufficient defense.[7]. [18], The rapid Swedish invasion and occupation of the Polish-Lithuanian territories became known in Poland as the "(Swedish) deluge. [5] Sweden had remained in a state of war with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth since the Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629), which was concluded by the repeatedly renewed truce (Altmark, Stuhmsdorf). Compra Second Northern War and Norway: Second Northern War, Charles X Gustav of Sweden. | Having a close relationships with the Prince of Transylvania, Sweden had intentions to defeat the Catholic Poland. [8] In 1654, when Charles X Gustav succeeded his cousin Christina on the Swedish throne, Russian forces were advancing into the unprotected Commonwealth, and by focusing on the northeast these drew close to the Swedish sphere of interest at the Baltic coast. [6], [[File:Bacciarelli - Jan Kazimierz.jpeg|thumb|left|200px|John II Casimir Vasa of Poland]], On the other hand the Commonwealth, under king John II Casimir Vasa since 1648, experienced a crisis resulting both from the Cossack Khmelnytsky Uprising in the southeast and from the paralysis of the administration due to the internal quarrels of the nobility, including feuds between the king and the Lithuanian hetman Janusz Radziwiłł and feuds among disagreeing sejmiks who had been able to stall each other's ambitions with the liberum veto since 1652. Also, Sweden was prevented from forming a Swedish-Polish alliance by the refusal of John II Casimir to drop his claims to the Swedish crown and the unwillingness of the Polish-Lithuanian nobility to make the territorial and political concessions an alliance with Sweden would eventually cost,[11][12] final negotiations in Lübeck during February 1655 ended without a result. In January 1660, Sweden lost the Livonian fortress Mitau. He was further pressed militarily when an Austro-Polish army laid siege to Thorn in July 1658, and diplomatically when he was urged by France to settle. Charles had left no children, and the throne devolved upon his only surviving sister, Ulrika Eleonora, and her husband, Frederick of Hesse-Kassel (Frederick I of Sweden). Russia, still engaged in the Russo-Polish War (1654–1667), settled her dispute with Sweden in the Treaty of Kardis, which restored Russian-occupied Swedish territory to Sweden. [28] Also on 22 October, besieged Dorpat surrendered to Alexis, while the Russian siege of Swedish-held Riga was lifted. In Scania and Zealand, the "snaphaner" led by Lorenz Tuxen and Svend Poulsen ("Gøngehøvdingen") ambushed Swedish forces. [38], In Royal Prussia (Eastern Pomerania in contemporary Poland), Thorn had fallen already in December 1658, but Elbing and Marienwerder withstood. Swedish Translation for Second Northern War - dict.cc English-Swedish Dictionary [33] France was unwilling to intervene militarily, and Sweden could not afford to violate the Peace of Westphalia by attacking the Habsburg and Brandenburgian possessions in the Holy Roman Empire, which would likely have driven several Germans into the anti-Swedish alliance. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). |notes= With Transylvania neutralized and Brandenburg defected, Charles X Gustav's position in the region was not strong enough to force his stated aim, the permanent gain of Royal Prussia. Brugge 11. Receiving the news, Frederick III of Denmark promptly declared war on Sweden, and by June the Austrian army entered the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from the south,[32] immediatetly stabilizing the situation in southern Poland,[30] while Denmark attacked Swedish Bremen-Verden and turned to Jämtland and Västergötland in July. Charles next confronted the Russians, victoriously attacking them at Narva (November 30, 1700). In five years Sweden engaged in armed conflict against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Russia, Brandenburg-Prussia, Habsburg Monarchy, Denmark–Norway, and on several accounts the Dutch intervened against the Swedes. Augustus the Strong was determined to prove his might by defeated Charles XII on the battlefield. [35] Denmark was forced to yield the provinces of Scania, Halland, Blekinge and the island of Bornholm. By the Treaties of Stockholm (1719–20), Sweden, Saxony, and Poland returned to the status quo ante bellum, and Denmark gave back its conquests to Sweden in return for a substantial sum of money. While the Great Northern War is generally considered to be the last of the Northern Wars, there are different scholarly opinions on which war constitutes the First Northern War. Super Museum in the heart of the City which has a great collection including a small selection of Second World War … Many men and women from Ulster served abroad but many American, Canadian, Australian, New Zealand, Polish, and Belgian troops called the province home for a while between 1939 and 1945. {{Infobox military conflict Lyria 7. Sweden had already concluded a truce with Russia in 1658, which gave way to a final settlement in the Treaty of Cardis in 1661. |partof = Northern Wars Anisimov, Evgeniĭ Viktorovich (1993). After an uprising, Norwegians took Trondheim in late 1658. |territory =, | Rákóczi of Transylvania was unable to withstand the combined Austrian and Polish-Lithuanian forces without Swedish support, and after a pursuit into Ukraine he was encircled and forced to capitulate, with the rest of the Transylvanian army defeated by the Tartars. Sweden’s expansion in the Baltic Sea coastlands during the 16th and 17th centuries had antagonized the neighbouring states: Russia’s access to the Baltic was blocked by Swedish-held Karelia, Ingria, Estonia, and Livonia; Denmark-Norway resented its loss to Sweden of provinces in the Scandinavian peninsula, especially Scania (Skåne), and was also aggrieved by Sweden’s alliance with the ducal house of Holstein-Gottorp, which contained Denmark from the south and prevented the Danish crown’s reabsorption of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein; the German princes disliked Sweden’s power in the Holy Roman Empire, and Brandenburg in particular coveted Swedish Pomerania; and many magnates of the Polish republic still thought of Swedish Livonia as Polish by right. The harsh winter of 1657/58 had forced the Dano-Norwegian fleet in port, and the Great and Little Belts separating the Danish isles from the mainland were frozen. [26] On 28–30 July, a combined Brandenburgian-Swedish army was able to defeat the Polish-Lithuanian army in the Battle of Warsaw,[19][24] forcing John II Casimir to retreat to Lublin. [16], On 20 October, a second treaty was ratified at Kėdainiai in the north. Northern War, Second. Corrections? [3] The term "Second Northern War", coined in Polish historiography (Druga Wojna Północna), has lately been increasingly adopted by German and English language historiography. He opened peace negotiations in 1717–18 while simultaneously expanding his army to 60,000 men in anticipation of a new offensive. |combatant2= Poland–Lithuania Denmark–Norway Habsburg Monarchy Russia]] (1656–58) Crimean Khanate[[File:Wappen Mark Brandenburg.png|20px|alt= Brandenburg-Prussia (1655-56, 1657-60) Dutch Republic The Union of Kėdainiai unified Lithuania with Sweden, with Radziwiłł recognizing Charles X Gustav as Grand Duke of Lithuania. [18], On 25 June 1656, Charles X Gustav signed an alliance with Brandenburg: the Treaty of Marienburg granted Greater Poland to Frederick William I in return for military aid. The Swedish garrison of Bornholm was forced to surrender to Danish insurgents, with the commander killed. In late July, Danzig was re-inforced by a Dutch garrison, and a combined Danish and Dutch fleet broke the naval blockage imposed on Danzig by Charles X Gustav. [12][14] The division on the western flank consisted of 13,650 men and 72 artillery pieces commanded by Arvid Wittenberg who entered Poland on 21 July 1655 and another 12,700[14] to 15,000[12] commanded by Charles X Gustav who followed in August, while the division on the northern flank consisted of 7,200 men commanded by Magnus de la Gardie who had already seized Dünaburg with them on 12 July. | Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. John II Casimir was exiled to Silesia while Kraków surrendered to Charles X Gustav on 19 October. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Second-Northern-War, German Culture - Austria and Prussia German History, Military History Encyclopedia on the Web - The Northern War, Göran Frilund - The Swedish Navy 1788-1809, History World - History of the Northern War. Alexis invaded Livonia in July with 35,000 men and took Dünaburg. The leader of Hetmanate did not participate in actions due to poor health conditions. Wittenberg established a garrison in Poznan (Posen). When it became clear that Austria, no less than the Maritime Powers, was preparing to fight for the Spanish Succession and to make peace... Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. See how Sweden tries to conquer Poland then try to conquer Denmark-Norway while also dealing with Russia, Austria, the Netherlands, and Brandenburg. Spanish Translation for Second Northern War - dict.cc English-Spanish Dictionary [14] In 1267 Nilfgaardian subterfuge pushed the leaders of the Northern Kingdoms to secretly instigate the Second Nilfgaardian War, in hopes of catching Nilfgaard before they were prepared. Sweden had been at peace with Russia since the Treaty of Stolbovo had ended the Ingrian War in 1617. In January 1654, the anti-Polish alliance of Pereiaslav was concluded between the rebellious Cossack Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky and Alexis of Russia, who was in control of a well-equipped army that was undergoing modernization. Turco-Mongol raids. Brandenburg changed sides in return for Polish withdrawal of claims to Ducal Prussia, declaring Frederick William I the sole sovereign in the Duchy with the treaties of Wehlau on 19 September and Bromberg on 6 November. Verden (insurgents led by Prince Kistrin) 8. [32], When Charles X Gustav left the Commonwealth and headed westwards for an anti-Danish counterstrike, the Swedish-Brandenburgian-Transylvanian alliance broke apart. While the Brandenburgian elector was free of Swedish vassalage in Greater Poland, he remained a Swedish vassal for the Duchy of Prussia. Later in January, Stefan Czarniecki joined in, and by February most Polish soldiers who were in Swedish service since October 1655, had switched sides to that of the confederation. [31] The treaty of 1660 established political borders between Denmark, Sweden and Norway which have lasted to the present day, and secured the Swedish dominium maris baltici. Cintra (volunteers led by Vissegerd) 12. Kozicki, Richard; Wróbel, Piotr, eds (1996). SPEDIZIONE GRATUITA su ordini idonei Frederick III was suffering under the humiliating loss of traditional Danish provinces to Sweden in 1645. Danzig (Gdansk), Thorn (Torun) and Elbing (Elblag) had not participated in the treaty,[6][18] with Thorn and Elbing surrendering to Sweden. France and England intervened for Sweden and the situation was again teetering on the edge of a major conflict. Yet, Swedish-held territory in Poland had been reduced to some towns in Royal Prussia, most notably Elbing, Marienburg and Thorn. Polish Translation for Second Northern War - dict.cc English-Polish Dictionary This plan backfired, and Nilfgaard conquered much of the North before another combined effort from Northern monarchs pushed the Empire back, concluding the war in 1268 with the signing of a major peace settlement . Compra The Northern Wars: War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe, 1558 - 1721 by Frost, Robert I. The Brandenburgian garrisons in Royal Prussia were withdrawn, and when Marienburg (Malbork) surrendered in March, Danzig remained the only town not under Swedish control.
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