how did independence movements lead to the spanish civil war
Due to the international political climateat t… A few years later the Cubans asked the US to intervene. Catalonia did receive some degree of self-government. Catalonia did receive some degree of self-government. Once a great power, Spain lost almost the last of its colonies after its defeat in the Spanish-American war. Unemployment rose and Rivera did not have the ability to sort out Spain’s financial mess. Iron production fell by 33% and steel by 50%. Seeking allies against the threat of Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union had embraced a Popular Front strategy, and, as a result, the Comintern directed Spanish communists to support the Republicans. On the other side, the Republican, were urban workers, most agricultural labourers, and many of the educated middle class. The Spanish Civil War was caused by many factors, including major socio-economic problems, such as poverty and inequality. The military had, in fact, already made preparations for a takeover of Spain. The coup mostly failed and the country was divided into two parts, giving way to one of the bloodiest civil wars of the 20th Century: the Spanish Civil War. Spanish Republicans, abandoned by the democracies and relying on aid from the communists, carried on a losing struggle against fascism. But by doing this it angered all those sectors in society that had the potential to fight back – the military, industrialists, land owners and the Roman Catholic Church. In July 1936, a leading right wing politician, Sotelo, was murdered and the right wing politicians and their supporters believed that they were now in serious danger. In 1812, King Ferdinand VII dissolved the Constitution. However, it was not until the criollos (persons of pure Spanish descent born in the New World) entered the revolutionary picture that independence really began to take form. On March 5 the Republican government flew to exile in France. After the war these associations became better organized and focused increasingly on political issues. Above all it had a much more prepared army and the Spanish Legion, the Regulars and the African Army. Between these extremes were other groups covering the political spectrum from monarchism and conservatism through liberalism to socialism, including a small communist movement divided among followers of the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and his archrival, Leon Trotsky. The way ahead for Robles became clear to many – an attack on the left wing parties of Spain. Where strong and capable leaders emerged, the early political parties broadened their base… Among the most notable artistic responses to the war were the novels Man’s Hope (1938) by André Malraux, Adventures of a Young Man (1939) by John Dos Passos, and For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) by Ernest Hemingway; George Orwell’s memoir Homage to Catalonia (1938); Pablo Picasso’s painting Guernica (1937); and Robert Capa’s photograph Death of a Loyalist Soldier, Spain (1936). By November 1936 the Nationalists had advanced to the outskirts of Madrid. The Spanish Civil War (1936 - 1939) saw right-wing Nationalists, led by General Franco, fight against the left-wing Republicans. The Spanish Civil War (1936 - 1939) saw right-wing Nationalists, led by General Franco, fight against the left-wing Republicans. The Spanish Civil War killed from 500,000 to one million people. The final Republican offensive stalled at the Ebro River on November 18, 1938. The captaincy of the Nationalists was gradually assumed by General Franco, leading forces he had brought from Morocco. Fascist Italy under Mussolini would be an obvious ally as would Germany once Hitler had got power in January 1933.eval(ez_write_tag([[300,250],'historylearningsite_co_uk-large-mobile-banner-2','ezslot_15',116,'0','0']));eval(ez_write_tag([[300,250],'historylearningsite_co_uk-large-mobile-banner-2','ezslot_16',116,'0','1'])); .large-mobile-banner-2-multi-116{border:none !important;display:block !important;float:none;line-height:0px;margin-bottom:7px !important;margin-left:0px !important;margin-right:0px !important;margin-top:7px !important;min-height:250px;min-width:300px;text-align:center !important;}. Rivera’s approach to leadership was fully supported by Alfonso. Updates? Spain appeared to be heading for all out chaos. Matters came to a head when in January 1933, 25 people were killed by government troops who were attempting to catch some anarchists near Cadiz. Politically, their differences often found extreme and vehement expression in parties such as the Fascist-oriented Falange and the militant anarchists. Peter Anderson | Published in History Review Issue 48 March 2004 On the night of 17 July 1936, the Spanish army, inspired most of all by General Franco, started the Spanish Civil War by rebelling against the Second Republic. The military had, in fact, already made preparations for a takeover of Spain. A war of attrition began. In a last minute attempt to avoid serious trouble, a general election was called for February 1936. Prologue: The Situation in Spain Prior to the Civil War. By February 1939, 250,000 Republican soldiers, together with an equal number of civilians, had fled across the border into France. Extensive conflict marked the 20th century. Exploding in July 1936, the war in Spain soiled the 20th century; it was among the bloodiest wars ever to take place on the European continent. Managed by Caboodle UX design studio in London, Citation: C N Trueman "The Causes of the Spanish Civil War". But by doing this it angered all those sectors in society that had the potential to fight back – the military, industrialists, land owners and the Roman Catholic Church. The war was an outcome of a polarization of Spanish life and politics that had developed over previous decades. Spanish Civil War Essay...The Spanish Civil War was the main clash that overwhelmed Spain between July 17, 1936 through April 1, 1939. More recent estimates have been closer to 500,000 or less. The turmoil and chaos that resulted from the Peninsula War and the civil wars that The rout marks the greatest defeat of a European colonial power by indigenous forces since the Battle of Adwa. The national side had Castile and Galicia's cereal and grain reserve and the cattle, as well as the León and Riotinto (Huelva) carbon mines. This was a serious error of judgement as the Catalans and Basques had supported the government in the elections. General Franco assumed control of the military. The Spanish Civil War contributed to bringing about the Second World War – most historians argue that the Spanish Civil War was the prelude to the Second World War. The arrival of regular Spanish units from Morocco on the Spanish mainland was the trigger for an all-out war that was to ‘leave half-a-million people dead.’ Conclusion. Unemployment in both agriculture and industry rose and those in work had to put up with a cut in wages as the economy struggled to survive the Depression. It mirrored the political disputes occurring in Europe at the time between Fascism and democracy on one hand and the opposition to godless Communism on the other. His next target was to invade mainland Spain, establish a military government there and rid the country of all those involved in left wing politics. It was technically a monarchy, but power had frequently been in the hands of military dictators. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The Civil War took place because the rising was successful only in Old Castile, in Navarra, where Carlist support was decisive, and, of the…. Moreover, anti-war and pacifist movements were widespread as well. Start studying Spanish Civil War. The wishes of the left alarmed those on the right and vice versa. When an initial military coup failed to win control of the entire country, a bloody civil war ensued, fought with great ferocity on both sides. For Germany and Italy, Spain was a testing ground for new methods of tank and air warfare. In this election, the right wing won a majority of support and the largest party in the parliament (known as the Cortes), was the, It forced the many parties of the left to come together to form the Popular Front. The Spanish Civil War broke out in 1936 after more than a century of social, economic and political division. The Spanish Civil War. This lost the government a great deal of support among the working class and the socialists withdrew their support from the government. On one side were the anarchists and militant socialists, who viewed the war as a revolutionary struggle and spearheaded widespread collectivization of agriculture, industry, and services; on the other were the more moderate socialists and republicans, whose objective was the preservation of the Republic. The Spanish Civil War (July 1936 to April 1939) was fought between the legitimately elected left-wing coalition government of the Second Republic and Nationalist insurgents under the command of Francisco Franco. At 4.30 pm the first planes were spotted and for the next 3 hours the rain of bombs and bullets obliterated the peaceful town, and became the world’s first attempt to target civilians outside the rules of war. It was between the leftist Republicans, who were in government at the time, and the Nationalists. In consequence of the war against America, Spain lost almost all of its colonies including the Philippines, effectively ending a long period of grandeur, influence and wealth of the European kingdom. Spain was a very divided, unstable and weak country in the 19th century. How did nationalism lead to independence movements in both Europe and Asia? The right wing Nationalists were led by the army and had the support of the Catholic Church, monarchists and large landowners. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Riots, protests, and strike actions rocked Spain. Those victorious at the election then declared Spain a republic and monarchy was abolished. The problems began all the way since 1851, but instead of going year by year, it is better to divide the causes in the following categories: political, military, socioeconomic, regional and religious. The republican zone kept the industr… In 1874… After ten years of civil war and the death of two of its founders, by early 1820 the independence movement was stalemated and close to collapse. This resulted not only in Cuba's independence, but also the American Spanish War. The wages of those who worked in industry were increased but they were to be paid by the owners of those industries not by the government. He was followed in May 1937 by Juan Negrín, also a socialist, who remained premier throughout the remainder of the war and served as premier in exile until 1945. Rivera also ended the rebellion in Morocco in 1925. Here’s what you need to know about the differences between the Catalonia region and the country of Spain as a whole: 1. In January 1932, a number of army officers tried to overthrow the government lead by Manuel Azana, the prime minister. They captured the Basque northern provinces in the summer of 1937 and then Asturias, so that by October they held the whole northern coast. In 1934 there was a general strike. Nationalist troops in Irun, Spain, during the Spanish Civil War. This lost the government a great deal of support among the working class and the socialists withdrew their support from the government. The Republican forces had put down the uprising in other areas, except for some of the larger Andalusian cities, including Sevilla (Seville), Granada, and Córdoba. This does not include all those who died from malnutrition, starvation, and war-engendered disease. The huge estates in Spain were nationalised i.e. In 1920, Spain was a constitutional monarchy. Western democracies such as Britain and France were reluctant to become involved in the Spanish Civil War for fear that they may escalate or broaden the conflict. The new right wing government immediately over-turned all of the changes brought in by the Azana government. Spanish Civil War, (1936–39), military revolt against the Republican government of Spain, supported by conservative elements within the country. He was deemed to have betrayed the working class. The Spanish civil war started as a distinctly Spanish war born out of Spanish disputes but it was soon to take on an international character. The Spanish-American War was an 1898 conflict between the United States and Spain that ended Spanish colonial rule in the Americas and resulted in … September 13, 1923 taken over by the government which would control what was done on them etc. Many army officers were made to retire early. They organised strikes, riots and took part in acts of violence such as derailing main line trains. Jesuits – seen as hard line Roman Catholics – were expelled from Spain – ironically the country that had founded the movement. About 40,000 foreigners fought on the Republican side in the International Brigades largely under the command of the Comintern, and 20,000 others served in medical or auxiliary units. The use of Catalan came into play after years of repression during General Fr… Both the Nationalist and Republican sides, seeing themselves as too weak to win a quick victory, turned abroad for help. At the start of the war, the cities of Cadiz, Saragossa, Seville and Burgos declared their support for the Nationalists. Political infighting was in danger of pushing Spain into social revolution. Although these coups and public uprisings reduced some of the ultra-conservatism of the monarchy, discontent among the people was still prevalent. The following day the remnant of the Republican government surrendered; Franco would establish himself as dictator and remain in power until his death on November 20, 1975. Those who governed Spain had differing views on what to do. The historic privileges of the Roman Catholic Church were attacked. The acute poverty of the Spanish people meant that many were drawn to Communism, Anarchism, and Socialism. Omissions? Believing the situation under control, the Spanish viceroy issued a general pardon to every rebel who would lay down his arms. The Spanish Civil War (Spanish: Guerra Civil Española) was a civil war in Spain fought from 1936 to 1939. Crucible of Empire: The Spanish-American War Web Site examines the history of this 100 year old war and discusses issues raised in the PBS documentary film Crucible of Empire. Berber armies led by Abd el-Krim force the Spanish garrison at Annual (Anwal), Morocco, to retreat in disarray, marking the start of a military campaign that would come to be known as the Rif War. The Republicans received aid from the Soviet Union as well as from the International Brigades, composed of volunteers from Europe and the United States. February: The Popular Front party won big time in the election ; Azana was made Prime Minister (president). The Nationalists drove a salient eastward through Teruel, reaching the Mediterranean and splitting the republic in two in April 1938. Spain was primarily an agricultural nation and the 1930’s Depression had hit prices for crops. The historic privileges of the Roman Catholic Church were attacked. Even though many historical revisionists offered various additional reasons for why the war started, the majority of … The Republic faced losing the support of those whose support it desperately needed – the working class. Political infighting was in danger of pushing Spain into social revolution.eval(ez_write_tag([[250,250],'historylearningsite_co_uk-leader-1','ezslot_21',115,'0','0']));eval(ez_write_tag([[250,250],'historylearningsite_co_uk-leader-1','ezslot_22',115,'0','1'])); .leader-1-multi-115{border:none !important;display:block !important;float:none;line-height:0px;margin-bottom:15px !important;margin-left:0px !important;margin-right:0px !important;margin-top:15px !important;min-height:250px;min-width:250px;text-align:center !important;}. Many of them opposed colonial rule and supported freedom movements. These four (potentially very powerful bodies) were unwilling to support the republican government in Madrid. Their salaries now came out of the Roman Catholic Church’s purse. Labor unrest was widespread in the early 1930s, and the election of February 16, 1936, brought to power a leftist Popular Front government. In 1921, an army was sent to Spanish Morocco to put down a rebellion. Why did this war occur? Catalonia remains loyal to the Republic, with both the … Republican violence occurred primarily during the early stages of the war before the rule of law was restored, but the Nationalist violence was part of a conscious policy of terror. 1821Absolute monarchy is restored to Spain by French forces in an attempt to reinstate the old order. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. The number of persons killed in the Spanish Civil War can be only roughly estimated. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Alfonso decided to abdicate as he feared that if he stayed on, Spain would plummet into turmoil. The government tried to attack those it deemed as having too many privileges in society. The government believed that the army had too much say in politics and determined to reduce its influence. The extreme left organised strikes and riots in an effort to destabilise the government of Azana. The matter of how many were killed remains highly contentious; however, it is generally believed that the toll of Nationalist violence was higher. Coal miners in the Asturias went on strike but were ruthlessly put down by the army lead by. In 1923, Spain experienced a bloodless coup when Alfonso agreed that General Primo de Rivera should take control of Spain. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Spanish-Civil-War, The Holocaust Encyclopedia - Spanish Civil War, History Learning Site - The Spanish Civil War, Spanish Civil War - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Spanish Civil War - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War, Examine the role of communism and fascism in the Spanish Civil War. Industrial production increased by three times from 1923 to1930. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. However, there was also a critical internal conflict in Spain that impacted world affairs and foreshadowed some events to come. However, the government of the Popular Front was a farce after the socialists withdrew their support from it; more and more public disturbances occurred and the government had clearly lost control of Spain. The town was Guernica. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). They organised strikes, riots and took part in acts of violence such as derailing main line trains. Republicans loyal to the left-leaning Popular Front government of the Second Spanish Republic, in alliance with anarchists, of the communist and syndicalist variety, fought against a revolt by the Nationalists, an alliance of Falangists, monarchists, conservatives and traditionalists, led by a military group among whom General Francisco Franco soon achieved a preponderant role. The war also had mobilized many artists and intellectuals to take up arms. The Spanish Civil War started in July 1936. The Nationalists received help from Nazi Germany in the form of the Condor Legion from the Luftwaffe – Germany’s air force. On October 1, 1936, he was named head of state and set up a government in Burgos. However, the Great Depression of the 1930’s hit Spain hard. Before World War II, organized protest against colonial rule was centered in organizations such as laborunions, student groups, social clubs, and religious groups. Spain operates by the incorrect time zone today because Francisco Franco changed the time to align with Nazi Germany's in 1940. The Nationalists, as the rebels were called, received aid from Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. taken over by the government which would control what was done on them etc. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Madrid, Barcelona, Bilbao and Valencia declared for the Republicans. spark that set off the Peninsular War between Spain, Portugal, and Great Britain on one side and Napoleon’s French Empire on the other side. On the night of 17 July 1936, the Spanish army, inspired most of all by General Franco, started the Spanish Civil War by rebelling against the Second Republic. While ground combat was somewhat reminiscent of World War I—tanks had a comparatively limited role, and lines remained fixed for months at a time—Hermann Göring’s Luftwaffe offered a glimpse of the role that air power would play in the German blitzkrieg. “The Internationals—United with the Spaniards We Fight the Invader,” poster by Parrilla, published by the International Brigades, 1936–37. General Franco assumed control of the military. In many respects, the war that ripped apart Spain between 1936 and 1939 was the testing ground for the fate awaiting the Church across Europe during the Second World War. He introduced public works schemes building roads and irrigating the land. Both wanted a more communistic state and the overthrow of capitalism. The right wing Nationalists were led by the army and had the support of the Catholic Church, monarchists and large landowners. July: Uprisings in Spanish Morocco and other places, followed by the dissolution of the regular army. Germany and Italy sent troops, tanks, and planes to aid the Nationalists. The city had endured a siege of nearly two-and-a-half years, and its residents were in no condition to resist. Above all, Azana was despised for forming a political union with the middle ground in Spain’s political life. https://www.britannica.com/list/timeline-of-the-spanish-civil-war These ideologies call for popular governments and the re-distribution of resources, such as l… The government tried to attack those it deemed as having too many privileges in society. The Spanish American wars of independence were the numerous wars against Spanish rule in Spanish America during the early 19th century. Priests were no longer paid by the state. Gen. Francisco Franco's troops in Barcelona during the Spanish Civil War, late 1930s. His next target was to invade mainland Spain, establish a military government there and rid the country of all those involved in left wing politics. study guide by traciwillimon includes 36 questions covering vocabulary, terms and more. Unemployment in both agriculture and industry rose and those in work had to put up with a cut in wages as the economy struggled to survive the Depression. However, the victory of Franco at the end of the Spanish Civil War (1936 to 1939) put an end to all that. From, The military uprising started in Morocco on July 17, 1936, and quickly spread to the garrisons of metropolitan Spain. Quizlet flashcards, activities and games help you improve your grades. He ruled as a military dictator until 1930. The Imperial Crisis was one of the major leading factors that led to the Spanish American independence movements. These four (potentially very powerful bodies) were unwilling to support the republican government in Madrid. This was a right wing party dedicated to protecting the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and landlords. Within months Barcelona would fall, and on March 28, 1939, some 200,000 Nationalist troops entered Madrid unopposed. Hostilities began in the aftermath of the internal explosion of USS Maine in Havana Harbor in Cuba, leading to U.S. intervention in the Cuban War of Independence. The little industry that Spain had was also hit by the Depression. Fascist and extreme-right forces responded in July 1936 with an army mutiny and coup attempt that expanded into a civil war. Corrections? The country faced many different reforms, with the liberals advocating for limited powers for the monarchy. Prime exports such as olive oil and wine fell in value and previously used agricultural land fell into disuse. The middle ground in Spain’s parliament – the socialists and middle-class radicals – did try to resolve outstanding problems. This angered many but especially the Catalans who had their privileges withdrawn. During the first weeks of the war, the Popular Front government of France also supported the Republicans, but internal opposition forced a change of policy. Nationalist forces put the figure at 1,000,000, including not only those killed in battle but also the victims of bombardment, execution, and assassination. In December 1938 they moved upon Catalonia in the northeast, forcing the Republican armies there northward toward France. Italian troops shelling Navalcarnero, outside Madrid, during the Spanish Civil War, October 1936. However, Rivera did not display the classic features of a dictator. Those who governed Spain had differing views on what to do. Two important regions in Spain wanted independence – Catalonia and the Basque region. The Republican government, beginning in September 1936, was headed by the socialist leader Francisco Largo Caballero. The Soviet Union contributed equipment and supplies to the Republicans, who also received help from the Mexican government. Here, we dig into the matters surrounding the ignition of this destructive Spanish Civil War and major events in its timeline. In 1920, Spain was a constitutional monarchy. Spanish History: Who Won the Spanish Civil War? The civil war started in July 1936.eval(ez_write_tag([[300,250],'historylearningsite_co_uk-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_14',118,'0','0'])); History Learning Site Copyright © 2000 - 2021. They were also aware that there were countries in Europe that would be willing to give support to their plight as many nations in Europe were scared of communism and Stalin’s Russia. Causes of the Spanish Civil War. On one side, the Nationalist, were most Roman Catholics, important elements of the military, most landowners, and many businessmen. In fact, the Spanish Civil War was an indicator of the growing instability within Europe. In 1934 there was a general strike. 1936 - Insurrection of Spanish nationalist troops led by Gen Francisco Franco sparks the Spanish Civil War.
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